'^ 



%^ 



\\^ 






l\^NN 



j<&i^m^^m-?fjf®a?^mk 







LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



§\n^,hLi. itijt^ngP !f n. 

Shelf ...S.^.... 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



SIMPSON'S 



HISTORICAL KEY, 



IMPOI^TANT DATES AND ^EfE^EfJCES, 

compiIvE;d by 

/ 

Prof. J. p SIMPSON, A. M., 

7_ Principal of Lucas academy, Iowa. 




DKS MOINKS, IOWA: 
CAMPBELL PRINTING COMPANY 

1888. 



THE LIBRARY 
or CONGRESS 

WASHINGTON 



INTRODUCTION 



In these hurly-burly times of ours, when persons in the various 
avocations have too little -time to enter into all the minutia of 
everything passing under their observation, "boil it down" has 
been almost universally adopted as an apt enjoinder to all in the 
literary world. With this end in view, the author has cast aside 
all verbiage and surplusage, and presents to the public this com- 
pact little volume, containing all the important points in the 
world's history, which is principally intended for the use of 
teachers and students in our institutions of learning, and he justly 
feels flattered at the very many words of commendation he has 
received from all such who have been made acquainted with its 
contents. 



Entered according to Act of Congress. 

IN the Year 1888, by J. P. Simpson, 

Ix THE Office of the L,ibrarian of CoNciRESS, 

AT Washington. 



5^ 



PREFACE. 



A knowledge of the history of our own country is the highest 
importance to American youth ; because a knowledge of its insti- 
tutions and of the struggles for their introduction and maintenance 
is necessar}^ to teach the true character of our institutions, the 
principles upon which our government is based, and according to 
which it should be carried on. The histor}' of the United States, 
as the record of the first civil government that has ever been 
founded upon the basis of freedom, furnishes lessons upon popular 
governments, and upon religious, social, and political freedom, of 
far greater value than can be derived from the record of any other 
nation, past or present. Only second. in importance, and hardly 
inferior in point of interest to our own history, is a knowledge of 
the origin and institutions of that nation and people from whom 
we are proud to derive our own. Our language, our popular in- 
structions, and notions of freedom, of constitutional government, 
are all derived from our English ancestors. Our own frame work 
of popular government is but a new edition, revised and improved, 
of that of England, with this difference : Theirs has required the 
gradual development of centuries, while our own has sprung at 
once; with only a brief colonial infancy, into a full vigor of matur- 
ity. Besides, the interest which attaches to the history of Eng- 
lish institutions, is, to some extent, the histor}' of the origin of our 
own ; the events of the past two centuries connected with both 
countries have been to such a degree interwoven with each other, 
that a knowledge of the one is indispensable to a proper acquaint- 
ance with the other. The gradual development of the Angolo- 
Saxon race, making with unmistakable pecularities each of the 
various offshoots from the parent stem, and no less surely than 
their common English language, present a study of importance 
and interest to American youth, hardly exceeded even by that of 
his kindred in the Fatherland of Old England. A knowledge of 
the history of both is indispensable to the full acquaintance with 
that of either. I therefore present this little key to the considera- 
tion of all who are interested in the education of youth, hoping 
that it may prove a valuable auxilary. 

J. P. SIMPSON. 



IMPORTANT DATES AND REFERENCES. 

PART I. 



England under the Romans, from B. C. 55 to A. D. 
449. 

England under the Saxons, A. D. 449 to A. D. 827. 

England under the Anglo-Saxons, A. D. 827 to 
A. D. 1013. 

England under the Danes, A. D. 1013 to 1041. 

England under the Saxons, A. D. 1041 to 1066. 

HISTORICAL EVENTS. 

1066. Norman Conquest. 

1215. Magna Charta. 

1517. Lutheran Reformation. 

1649. Execution of Charles I. 

1660., Restoration. 

1689. Revolution. 

SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. 

NORMANS. 

William I 1066 till 1087 

William II . 1087 iioo 

Henry I iioo 1135 

Stephen 1135 1154 



— 4- 



HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET. 

Heary II 1154 till 1189 

Richard I 1189 1199 

John 1199 1216 

Henry III 1216 1272 

Edward I 1272 1307 

Edward II 1307 1327 

Edward III 1327 1377 

Richard II 1377 1399 

HOUSE OF LANCASTER. 

Henry IV 1399 till 1413 

Henry V 1413 1422 

Henry VI 1422 1461 

Edward IV 14^1 1483 

Richard III 1483 1485 

HOUSE OF TUDOR. 

Henry VII 1485 till 1500 

Henry VIII 1509 1547 

Edward VI : 1547 i553 

Mary 1553 1558 

Elizabeth 1558 1603 

HOUSE OF STUART. 

James I 1603 till 1625 

Charles I 1625 1649 

The Commonwealth 1649 ^^^o 

Charles II 1660 1685 

James II 1695 1689 



-5— 



HOUSE OF STUART AND NASSAU. 

William III - .__-.^^— ._-___i689 till 1702 

Mary II ^^^_..^ ^ 1689 1694 

Anne ^ — --^ 1702 1714 

HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK:. 

Georo^e I — , ^-_^^ ^^ 1714 till 1727 

George II i. ^ ^I'^l 1760 

George III ^_^-^^ ^_^ 1760 1820 

George IV ^^_-^ ^__^-^_..^ 1820 1830 

William IV -_-^ — ^ . 1830 1837 

Victoria _,-_^-^^^ ^-^^ ^_^_i837 



DISCOVERIES. 



1492 America discovered by Columbus. 

1497 Labrador discovered by the Cabots. 

1498 Coast of North America explored by Sebastian 
Cabot. 

The Continent at South America discovered 
by Columbus. 

1499 South America visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 

1512 Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon. 

1 5 13 The Pacific Ocean discovered by Balboa, 

1520 Carolina visited by De Ayllon. 

1521 Mexico conquered by Cortez. 

1524 Coast of North America explored by Verrazzani. 
1528 Navae2 undertook to conquei Florida. 
1534 St. Lawrence river discovered by Cartier. 
1539 De Sota undertook to conquer Florida. 
1541 The Mississippi river discovered by De Sota. 



— 6— 

1563 Colony of Huguenots settled at Port Royal en- 
trance. 

1564 Colony of Huguenots settled in Florida. 

1565 St. Augustine founded by the Spaniards. 
Huguenot colony in Florida destioyed by the 
Spaniards. 

1583 Gilbert took possession of Newfoundland. 

1584 Amidas and Barlow explpred the coast of Caro- 
lina. 

1585 First attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 
1587 Second attempt to form a settlement at Roa- 
noke. 

1602 Cape Cod discovered by Gosnold. 

1605 Port Royal settled by- the French. 

1606 London and Plymouth Companies received 
charters. 

1607 A settlement commenced on the Kennebec. 
Jamestown settled by the London Company. 

1608 Quebec settled by the French. 

1609 Virginia received its second charter. 
Hudson river discovered by Henry Hudson. . 

1610 "Starving Time" in Virginia. 

1612 Virginia received its third charter. 

1613 Pocahontas married to Rolph. 
French settlements destroyed by ArgalL 

1614 New England coast explored by Smith. 
New York settled by the Dutch. 

1616 Culture of tobacco commenced in Virginia. 

1620 Commencement of Negro Slavery in Virginia. 
Massachusetts settled at Plymouth. 

1 62 1 Treaty with Massasoit made. 

1622 First Indian massacre in Virfjinia. 



— 7— 

1623 New Hampshire settled at Little Harbor and 
Dover. 

1633 Connecticut settled at Windsor. 

1634 Maryland settled at St. Mary's. 

1636 Rhode Island settled at Providence. 
Harvard College founded. 

1637 Pequod war. 

1638 Delaware settled near Wilmington. 

1641 New Hampshire settlements united to Massa- 
chusetts. 

1643 Union of the New England Colonies formed. 

1644 Second Indian massacre in Virginia. 

1645 Clay horn's rebesilion in Maryland. 

1650 North Carolina settled on the Chowan river. 

1 65 1 The "Navigation Act" passed. 

1652 The Maine settlements united with Massachu- 
setts. 

1655 Civil war in Maryland. 

New Sweden conquered by the Dutch. 

1663 Carolina granted to Clarendon and others. 

1664 New York became an English province. 
New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown. 

1670 South Carolina settled on the Ashly river. 
1673 Virginia granted to Culpepper and Arlington. 

1675 King Phillip's war commenced. 

1676 Bacon's rebellion. 
1680 Charleston founded. 

New Hampshire made a royal province. 
1682 Pennsylvania settled. 

Delaware granted to William Penn. 
1686 Andros appointed governor of New England. 
1689 King William's war commenced. 



1690 Schenectady burned by the French and Indians. 

Port Royal taken by the French under Phips. 
1692 "Salem Witchcraft" delusion prevailed. 
1697 King William's war terminated by the treaty of 

Ryswick. 

COLONIAL PERIOD. 

1702 Queen Anne's war commenced. 

1 7 10 Port Royal captured by the English. 

171 3 Queen Anne's war terminated by the treaty of 
Utrecht. 

1729 North and South Carolina became separate prov- 
inces. 

1732 Washington born in Westmoreland County, Vir- 
ginia, February 22. 

1733 Georgia settled at Savannah. 

1 741 The Negro plot in New York. 
1744 King George's war terminated by the treaty of 
Aix la Chapelle. 

1753 Washington sent with a letter from Dinwiddie. 

1754 Washington delivered the letter. St. Pieri's 
reply to Dinwiddie. 

Congress of Commissioners met at Albany. 
Battle of the Great Meadows, May 28th. 
Battle of Fort Necessity, July 4th. 

1755 Convention of Colonial Governors in Virginia. 
French expelled from Nova Scotia by Monch- 
ton, June. 

Braddock's defeat at the battle of Monongahela, 

July 9th. 

British defeated by Dieskau, September 8th. 



^.9— 

1756 Great Britain declared war against France, May 
17th. 

France declared war against Great Britain, June 
9th. 

French under Montcalm captured Oswego, Au- 
gust 4th. 
Indians defeated at Kittanning, September 8th. 

1757 Fort William Henry surrendered to Montcalm, 
August 9th. 

Massacre of Fort William Henry, August loth. 
1658 lyord Howe killed in a skirmish near Ticonder- 
oga, July. 

Abercrombie repulsed by Montcalm at Ticon- 
deroga, July 8th. 

Ivouisburg taken by Amherst and Wolfe, July 
26th. 

Fort Frontenac surrendered to the English, Au- 
gust 27th. 

Grant defeated by Aubry near Fort Duquesne, 
September 21st. . 

1759 Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the 
French. 

Battle of Montmorenci, July 9th. 
Niagara surrendered to the English under John- 
son, July 25th. 

Battle of Plains of Abraham, September 13th. 
Quebec surrendered to the English, September 
i8th. 

1760 The French, under De Levi, attempted the re- 
covery of Quebec, April 28th. 

Montreal and the rest of Canada surrendered to 
the English, September 8th. 



—10— 

1763 Peace of Paris between Great Britain and 
France, Februar}^ loth. 
Florida ceded to Great Britain by Spain. 

1765 The Stamp Act passed by Parliament, March. 
Colonial Congress met at New York, October. 

1766 vStamp Act repealed by Parliament, March. 

1767 Bill imposing duties on glass, paper, etc., passed, 
June. 

1768 Body of British troops entered Boston, Septem- 
ber 27 th. 

1770 Boston massacre, March 5th. 

All duties, except on tea, repealed by Parlia- 
ment, April. 

1773 Cargoes of tea at Boston thrown overboard, De- 
cember i6th. 

1774 Boston Port Bill passed by Parliament, March. 
First Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, 
September 5th. 

REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 

1775 Battle of Lexington, April 19. 
Ticonderoga captured by Allen and Arnold, 
May loth. 

Crown Point captured by the iVmericans, May 
i2th. 

Washington elected Commander-in-chief, June 
15th. 
. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17th. 
Washington took command of army, July 12th. 
Montreal surrendered to Montgomery, Novem- 
ber 13th. 
Battle of Quebec, December 31st. 



—11— 

1776 Norfolk destroyed by Lord Buiimore, January 
ist 

Boston evacuated by British troops, March nth. 
Battle of Fort Moultrie, June 28th. 
Declaration of Independence July 4th. 
Battle of Long: Island, Aug:ist 27th. 
City of New Yorlv abandoned by the Americans, 
September 15th. 

Battle of White Plains, November i'6th. 
Fort Lee taken by the British, November i8th. 
General Lee surprised and taken prisoner, De- 
cember 13th. 
Battle of Trenton, December 26th. 

1777 Battle of Princeton, January 3d. 

Tryon's first , expedition against Connecticut, 

April. 

Battle of Ridg-ewood, April 27th. 

Meig's expedition against the British at Sagg 

Harbor, May 23d. 

Invasion of New York by Burgoyne, June. 

Ticonderoga abandoned bv the Americans, July 

5th. 

The battle of Hubbardstown, July 7th. 

General Prescott captured by Colonel Barton, 

July loth. 

Murder of Miss Jane McCreo, July 27th. 

Fort Schuyler besieged by St. Ledger, August. 

The battle of Oriskany, August 6th. 

The battle of Fort Schuyler, August 6th. 

The battle of Bennington, August i6th. 

The battle of Brandy wine, September nth. 

The first battle of Stillwater, September 19th. 



1777 ^^^ battle of Paoli, September 20th. 
Philadelphia entered by the British, September 
26th. 

The battle of Germaiitown, October 4th. 
Forts Clinton and Montgomery taken by the 
British, October 6th. 

The second battle of Stillwater, October 7th. 
The surrender of Burgoyne, October 17th. 
The British repulsed at Fort Mercer, October 
22d. 

The British repulsed at Fort Mifflin, October 
28th. 

Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress, 
November 15th. 

Fort Mifflin abandoned by the Americans, No- 
vember i6th. 

Washington encamped at Valley Forge, Decem- 
ber nth. 

1778 Ameri'^an Independence acknowledged by 
France. 

Treaty of alliance with France. 
British Commissioners sent to America. 
Philadelphia evacuated by the British, June i8th. 
The battle of Monmouth, June 28th. 
The battle of Wyoming and massacre, July 3d. 
The French fleet under D'Kstaing arrived July 
8th. 

The battle of Rhode Island, August 29th. 
Grey's ravaging expedition to the eastward, 
September. 

Furguson's expedition against Kgg Harbor, Oc- 
tober. 



—13— 

1778 The massacre at Cherry Valley, November nth 
and 12th, 

The battle of Savannah, December 20th. 

1779 Sunbury captured by the British, January 9th. 
The battle of Kettle Creek, February 14th. 
The battle of Briar Creek, March 3d. 
Tryon's second expedition against Connecticut, 
March. 

Stony Point captured by the British, May ist. 

Verplank's Point captured by the British, June 

ist. 

War declared by Great Britain against Spain, 

June 1 6th. 

Battle of Stono Ferry, June 20th. 

Tyron's third expedition against Connecticut, 

July. 

Battle of Stony Point, July 15th. 
British garrison at Paulus Hook surprised by 
Lee, July 19th. 

Battle of the Penobscot, August 13th. 
Sullivan's expedition against the Indians. 
Battle of the Chemung, August 29th. , 
Savannah besieged by the French and Ameri- 
cans, September and October. 
Jones' naval battle off the coast of Scotland, 
September 23d. 

D'Kstaing and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah, 
October 9th. 

1780 Charleston besieged by the British, April and 
May. 

Battle of Monk's Corner, April 14th. 
Cliarleston surrendered to the British, May 12th. 



U— 



1780 Battle of Waxaw, May 29th. 
Battle of Springfield, June 2d. 

French fleet arrived at Newport, July loth. 
Battle of Rocky Mount, July 30th. 
Battle of Hanging Rock, August 6th. 
Battle of vSanders' Creek, August i6th. 
Battle of Fishing Creek, August i8th. 
Arnold's treason, August iSth. 
Andre executed as a spy, October 2d. 
Battle of King's Mountain, October 7th. 
Battle of Fishdam Ford, Noveml^er 12th. 
Battle of Blackstocks, November 20th. 

1 781 Revolt of the Pennsylvania troops, January ist. 
Battle of Cowpens, January 17th. 

Revolt of the New Jersey troops, January i8th. 
Arnold's depredations in Virginia, January. 
Retreat of Morgan and Greene, pursued by Corn- 
wallis, January. 

Articles of Confederation ratified by the States, 
January. 

Battle of Guilford Court House, March 15th. 
Battle of Hobkirk's Hill, April 25th. 
S*iege of Ninety-six by the Americans under 
Greene, May and June. 
Battle of Ninety-six, June i8th. 
Colonel Hayne executed by the British at 
Charleston, July 31st. 

Arnold's expedition against Connecticut, Sep- 
tember. 

Battle of Fort Greswold, September 6th. 
Battle of Ulaw vSprings, vSeptember 8th. 
vSiege of Yorktown, October. 



—15— 

1 781 Surrender of Cornwallis, October 19th. 

1782 Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris, 
November 30th. 

1783 Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in the Amer- 
ican army, April 19th. 

Savannah evacuated by the British, July nth. 
Definite treaty of peace signed at Paris, Septem- 
ber 5Lh. 

American army disbanded by order of Congress, 
November 3d. 

New York evacuated by the British, November 
25th. 

Charleston evacuated by the British, December 
14th. 

Washington resigned his command, December 
23d. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITKD STATES 
AND ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 

1787 vShay's rebellion in Massachusetts. 

Constitution ol the United States agreed on by 
the convention of delegates at Philadelphia, Sep- 
tember 17th. 

1789 The first Congress under the Constitution met 
at New York, March 4th. 

Washino;ton inaugurated president of the United 
vStates, April 30th. 



—16— 

SETTLEMENT OF THE COLONIES. 

^Virginia 1606 June 26, 1788 

Massachusetts 1620 February 6, 1788 

New Hampshire 1629 June 21, 1788 

Maryland 1632 April 28, 1788 

Connecticut 1635 January 9, 1788 

Rhode Island 1636 May 29, 1790 

New York 1662 July 26, 1788 

North Carolina 1663 November 21, 1789 

South Carolina 1670 May 23, 1788 

New Jersey 1664 December 18, 1787 

Pennsylvania 1681 December 12, 1787 

Delaware ' 1682 December 7, 1787 

Georgia 1732 January 2, 1788 

The following States have been admitted since the 
adoption of the Constitution: 
Vermont, claimed by New Hampshire and New 

York 1791 

Kentucky, ceded by Virginia 1792 

Tennessee, ceded by North.Carolina 1796 

Ohio, part of Northwest Territory 1802 

Mississippi, ceded by South Carolina and Geor- 
gia 1817 

Illinois, part of Northwest Territory 1818 

Alabama, ceded by South Carolina and Georgia 18 19 

Maine, set off from Massachusetts 1820 

Missouri, acquired from France 1821 

Arkansas, acquired from France ^ 1836 

Michigan, part of the Northwest Territory! 1837 

* The first column of dates give the time of the settlement of the thir- 
teen original colonies ; the second, the date of the ratification of the constitu- 
tion. 



Texas, a revolted province of Mexico . 1845 

Iowa, acquired from France 1846 

Wisconsin, part of Northwest Territory 1848 

California, acquired from Mexico 1850 

Minnesota, chiefly acquired from France 1858 

Oregon, acquired from France 1859 

Kansas, acquired from France-^ 1861 

West Viro^inia, part of Virg-inia . 1863 

Nevada, acquired from Mexico 1864 

Nebraska, acquired from France ^ 1867 

Colorado, acquired from France and Mexico 1876 



TERRITORY ADDEDTO THE UNITED STATES. 

In 1803 the United States purchased the province 
of Louisiana, containing 930,000 square miles, from 
France, for $15,000,000. The purchase included 
what is now Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, 
Minnesota, Dakota and parts of what is now Mon- 
tana, Wyoming, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas and the 
Indian Territory. 

In 1820 Florida was purchased by the United States 
from Spain, for $5,000,000. It contained 59,700 
square miles. 

In 1846 Oregon was added, taking in 220,420 square 
miles. 

In 1848 California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New 
Mexico, Texas and western Colorado were purchased 
by the United States at a cost of $15,000,000. 

In 1853 the Gladson purchase was added to the 
United States at a cost of $10,000,000, giving the 
United States 934,260 vSquare miles., 



-^18— 

In 1867 Alaska was purchased by the United States 
from Russia at a cost of $7,200,000; area, 567,000 
square miles. 

MISCELLANEOUS EVENTS. 

1790 Harmar defeated by the Indians in Indiana, Oc- 
tober i7tli to 22d. 

1 791 United States Bank established at Philadelphia. 
Vermont admitted into the Union. 

St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Ohio, No- 
vember 4th. 

1792 Kentucky admitted into the Union. 

1793 Washington commenced a second presidential 
term, March 4th. 

The difficulties with France. 

1794 Wayne defeated the Indians on the Maumee, 
August 20th. 

"Whisky Insurrection" in Pennsylvania. 

1795 "Jay's Treaty" with Great Britain ratified. 
Treaties with the Western Indians, Spain and 
Algiers. 

1796 Tennessee admitted into the Union. 

1797 John Adams inaugurated President of ths Uni- 
ted States, March 4th. 

1799 The death of Washington, December 14th. 

1800 Seat of government removed to V/ashington. 
Treaty of peace concluded with France, Septem- 
ber 30th. 

1801 Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President, March 
4th. 

War declared against the United States by Trip- 
oli, June loth. 



—19— 

i8o2 Ohio admitted into the Union. 

1803 Louisiana purchased of France. 
Commodore Prebel sent against Tripoli. 

1804 The frigate Philadelphia destroyed by Decatur, 
February 3d. 

The duel between Hamilton and Burr, July ist. 

1805 Jefferson commenced a second presidential term, 
March 4th. 

Derne, a Tripolitan city, captured by Eaton, 

April 27th. 

Treaty of peace concluded with Tripoli, June 

3d. 

1806 British blockade from Elbe to Brest declared. 
May i6th. 

Bonaparte issued his "Berlin Decree," Novem- 
ber 2 1 St. 

1807 British "Orders in Council" prohibited coast 
trade with France, January 7th. 

American frigate Chesapeake attacked by the 
Leopard, June 22d. 

British armed vessels ordered to leave the Uni- 
ted States, July. 

British "Orders in Council" prohibited all trade 
with France and her allies, November nth. 
Bonaparte issued his "Milan Decree," December 
17th. 

Embargo on American ships laid by Congress, 
December 2 2d. 
1809 Commerce with Great Britain and France inter- 
dicted by Congress, March ist. 
James Madison inaugurated President, March 
4th. 



—20— 

i8io Bonaparte's " Rambouillet Decree," issued 
March 23d. 

1811 Action between President and Little Belt, May 
1 6th. 

Battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana, November 7th. 

SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 

181 2 Louisiana admitted into the Union. 

War against Great Britain proclaimed by the 
United States, June 19th. 

Invasion of Canada by General Hull, July 12th. 
Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, July 17th. 
The first battle of Brownstown, August 5th. 
The second battle of Brownstown, August 9th. 
Surrender of Detroit by General Hull, August 
i6th, 

British sloop Alert taken by the Essex, August 
13th. 

British frigate Guerrie taken by the Constitu- 
tion, August 19th. 

The battle of Queenstown, October 13th. 
British brig Frolic taken by the Wasp, October 
i8th. 

British frigate Macedonian taken by the United 
States, October 25th. 

British frigate Java taken by the Constitution,. 
December 29th. 

1813 The battle of Frenchtown, January 22d. 
British brig Peacock taken by the Hornet, Feb- 
ruary 24th. 

Madison commenced a second presidential term,, 
March 4 th. 



1813 The battle of York, April 27th. 

Fort Meigs, on the Maumee, besieged by Proc- 
ter, May 1st. 

The battle of Fort Meigs, May 5th. 
Fort George taken by the Americans, May 27th. 
The battle of Sackett's Harbor, May 29th. 
American frigate Chesapeake taken by the Shan- 
non, Jnne ist. 

The battle of Fort Stephenson, August 2d. 
American brig Argus taken by the Pelican Au- 
gust 14th. 

Creek war commenced by the massacre at Fort 
Minis, August 30th. 

British brig, Boxer, taken by the Enterprise 
September 5th. 

Perry's victory on Lake Erie, September loth. 
The battle of Thames, October 5 th. 
. The battle of Chrysler's Field, Canada, Novem- 
ber iith» 

1814 The battle of Tohopeka, the last of the Creek 
War, March 27th. 

American frigate, Essex, taken by the Phebe 

and Cherub, March 28th. 

The battle of La Colle Mill, March 30th. 

The battle of Lundy's Lane, or Bridgewater, 

July 25th. 

Stonington bombarded by the British without 

effect, August. 

The first battle of Fort Erie, August 15th. 

The battle of Bladensburg, August 24th. 

The city of Washington taken by the British, 

August 24th. 



—22- 



i8i4 British sloop, Avon, taken by the Wasp, Sep- 
tember I St. 

McDonough's victory on Lake Champlain, Sep- 
tember nth. 

The battle of Plattsburg, September nth. 

The battle of North Point, September 12th. 

The battle of Fort McHenry, September 13th. 

The battle of Fort Bowyer, September 15th. 

The' battle of Fort Erie, September 17th. 

The British driven from Pensacola by General 

Jackson, November 7th. 

The battle of Lake Borgne, December 14th. 

Hartford Convention, December. 

The battle nine miles from New Orleans, De- 
cember 23d. 

Treaty of peace between the United States and 

Great Britain, December 24th. 
18 1 5 The battle of New Orleans, January 8th. 

The American frigate, President, captured by a 

British squadron, January 15th. 

The British vessels, Cyane and Levant, taken 

by the Constitution, February 20th. 

The British brig, Penguin, taken by the Hornet, 

March 23d. 

WAR WITH ALGIERS. ETC. 

1815 War with Algiers declared by Congress, March 
ist. 

Commodore Decatur sent against Algiers, March. 

1816 The Bank of the United States rechartered for 
twenty years, April loth. 

Indiana admitted into the Union, March 4th. 



—23— 

i8i7 James Monroe inaugurated President, March 
4th. 

Mississippi admitted into the Union. 
The Seminoles and Creeks comrnenced depre- 
dations. 

1818 General Jackson invaded the Indian Territory. 
Arbuthnot and Ambrister executed, April 30th. 
Pensacola seized by General Jackson, May 24th. 
Illinois admitted into the Union. 

1819 Alabama admitted into the Union. 

1820 Maine admitted into the Union. 

Florida ceded to the United States by Spain. 

1821 Missouri admitted into the Union. 

1824 Lafayette visited the United States. 

1825 Johii Quincy Adams inaugurated President, 
March 4th. 

1826 Death of two ex-presidents, Adams and Jeffer- 
son, July 4th. 

1829 Andrew Jackson inaugurated President, March 
4t]i. 

1 83 1 Death of Ex- President Monroe, July 4th. 

INDIAN WARS AND OTHER EVENTS. 

1832 "The Black Hawk War." 
Nullification in South Carolina. 

1833 Removal ot government deposits from the Bank 
of the United States. 

1835 War with the Seminoles commenced. 

General Thompson and friends massacred by 
the Seminoles, December 28th. 
A party under Major Dade massacred by the 
Seminoles, December 28th. 



—24— 

1836 Arkansas admitted into the Union. 

1837 Michigan admitted into the Union. 

Martin Van Buren inaugurated President, March 

4th. 

The battle of Okechobee, Florida, December 25th. 

1838 ''The Canadian Rebellion." 

1841 William Henry Harrison inaugurated President, 
March 4th. 

Death of William Henry Harrison, April 4th. 
John Tyler inaugurated President, April 6th. 

1842 The war with the Seminoles terminated. 
The ''Dorr Rebellion" in Rhode IslJmd. 

1845 Joint resolution for the annexation of Texas 
signed by President Tyler, Marcii ist. 

James K. Polk inaugurated President, March 4th. 
Florida admitted into the Union. 
Texas admitted into the Union. 

1846 Iowa admitted into the Union. 



MEXICAN WAR. 

1846 Thornton's party captured by the Mexicans, 
April 26th. 

Fort Brown bombarded by the Mexicans, May. 
The battle of Palo Alto, May 8th.- 
The battle of Resaca de la Palma, May 9th. 
Congress declared that "war existed by tire act 
of Mexico," May nth. 

Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took Mata- 
moras. May i8th. 

Monterey surrendered to General Taylor, Sep- 
tember 24th. 



—25— 

1846 The battle of Bracito, December 25th. 

1847 '^^^ battle of Buena Vista, February 23d. 
The battle of Sacramento, February 28th. 
The surrender of Vera Cruz to General Scott, 
March 27th. 

The battle of Cerro Gordo, April i8th. 
The battle of Contreras and Cherubusco, August 
20th. 

The battle of Molino del Rey, September 8th. 
The battle of Chapultepec, September 13th. 
; /, ' City of Mexico entered by the Americans under 
General Scott, September 14th. 
The battle of Huamantla, October 9th. 

1848 Treaty of peace at Gaudaloupe, Hidalgo, Feb- 
ruary 2d. 

Wisconsin admitted into the Union. 

1849 Zachary Taylor inaugurated President, March 
5tl,. 

1850 The death of Zachary Taylor, July 9th. 
Millard Filmore inaugurated President, Julv 
loth. 

California admitted into the Union. 
1853 Franklin Pierce inaugurated President, March 4. 

1857 James Buchanan inaugurated President, March 
4th. 

1858 Minnesota admitted into the Union. 

1859 Oregon admitted into the Union. 

i860 South Carolina "seceded" from the Union, De- 
cember 24th. 

1861 Kansas admitted into the Union. 

Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President, March 
4th. 



-26— 



CIVIL WAR 



1861 Fort Sumter attacked by the Confederates, 
April i2th and 13th. 

President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops, April 
15th. 

Volunteer troops attacked in Baltimore, April 
19th. 

The President issued a second call for troops, 
May 4th. 

Union victory at Philippi, Virginia, June 3d. 
Confederate victory at Big Bethel, Virginia, 
June loth. 

Union victory at Boonville, Missouri, June 17th. 
Meeting of Congress in extra session, July 4th. 
Battle of Carthage, Missouri, July 5th. 
Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia, July nth. 
Battle near Centerville, Virginia, July i8th. 
Confederate Congress met at Richmond, July 
20th. 

Battle of Bull Run, Virginia, July 21st. 
Battle of Dug Springs, Missouri, August 2d. 
Battle of Wilson's Creek, Virginia, August loth-. 
Forts Hatteras and Clark, North Carolina, cap- 
tured, August 29th. 

Confederates captured lyCxington, Missouri, Sep- 
tember 20th. 

Battle of Edwards' Ferry, or Ball's Bluff, Vir- 
ginia, October 21st. 

Capture of Port Royal Entrance by the Union 
fleet, November 7th. 
Battle of Behnont, Missouri, November 7th. 



—27—- 

i86i Mason and Slidell taken from English steamer, 

November 8th. 
1862 Battle of Mill Spring, Kentucky, January 19th. 

Fort Henry taken by Union fleet, February 6th. 

Roanoke Island captured by Union forces, Feb- 
ruary 8 th. 

Fort Donelson captured by the Union forces, 

February i6th. 

Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 6th-8th. 

Vessels Congress and Cumberland sunk by the 

Merrimac, March 8th. 

Engagement between the Monitor and Merri- 
mac, March 9th. 

Newbern, North Carolina, captured by Union 

troops, March 14th. 

Battle of Winchester, Virginia, March 23d. 

Battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, Tennes- 
see, April 6th-7th. 

Capture of Island No. 10, Mississippi River, 

April 7th. 

Fort Pulaski, Georgia, captured by Union fleet, 

April nth. 

New Orleans captured by the Union forces, 

April 25th. 

Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia, May 5th. 

Norfolk, Virginia, surrendered to the Unionists, 

May loth. 

Confederates retreated from Corinth, Mississippi, 

May 28th-29th. 

Battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, May 31st 

and Tune ist. 



^28^ 

1862 Memphis, Tennessee, surrendered to the Union- 
ists, June 6th. 

Seven days' contest on the Virginia Peninsula, 
June 25th-July 3d. 

The President calls for 300,000 more troops, 
July ist. 

Battle of Cedar Mountain, Virginia, August 9th. 
Pope's battles between Manasses and Washing- 
ton, August 23d-3oth. 

Battle near Richmond, Kentucky, August 30th. 
Invasion of Maryland by Lee's army, Septem- 
ber 5th. 

Battle of South Mountain, Maryland, Septem- 
ber 14th. 

Harper's Ferry surrendered to the Confederates, 
September 15th. 

Battle of Antietam, Maryland, September 17th. 
Battle of Munfordsville, Kentucky, September 
17th 

Battle of luka, Mississippi, September 19th. 
Battle of Corinth, Mississippi, October 4th. 
Battle of Perry ville, Kentucky, October 8th. 
Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, December 

Union repulse at Vicksburg, Mississippi, Decem- 
ber ^9th. 

Battle of Stone River, or Murfreesboro, Ten- 
nessee, December 31st. 

1863 The president's Emancipation Proclamation is- 
sued, January ist. 

Battle of Murfreesboro resumed and ended, Janu- 
ary 2d. 



—29— 

1863 Arkansas Post captured by Union forces, Janu- 
ary nth. 
Bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, 

April 7th. 

Union cavalry raid under Grierson, in Missis- 
sippi, April. 

Battle of Port Gibson, Mississippi, May ist. 
Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia, May 2d-3d. 
Battle of Raymond, Mississippi, May 12th. 
Union victory near Jackson, Mississippi, May 
14th. 

Battle of Champion Hill, Mississippi, May i6th. 
Battle of Big Black River, Mississippi, May 17th. 
Second invasion of Maryland by Lee's army, 
June. 

West Virginia admitted into the Union, June 
20th. 

Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July ist-2d. 
Vicksburgsurrendered by Confederates, July 4th. 
Port Hudson surrendered b> the Confederates, 
July 8th. 

Great Riot in New York City, July i3-i6th. 
Morgan defeated near Kyger's Creek, Ohio, July 

2ISl. 

Morgan captured near New Lisbon, Ohio, July 

26th. 

Fort Wayne, South Carolina, captured by Union 

troops, September 6th. 

Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, September 

i9th-2oth. 

Knoxville, Tennessee, invested by the Ccvnfed- 

erates, November i-8th. 



—30— 

1863 Uiiiou victory at Lookout Mountain, Georgia, 
November 24th. 

Union victory at Missionary Ridge, Georgia, No- 
vember 25th. 

Union victory at Knoxville, Tennessee, Novem- 
ber 29th. 

1864 President orders a draft for more men, February 
ist. 

Battle of Olustee, Florida, February 20th. 
Grant created Lieutenant General, March 3d. 
Fort De Russy, Louisiana, captured by Union 
troops, March 14th. 

Battle of Cane River, Louisiana, March 26th. 
Battle of Mansfield or Sabin Cross Roads, Louis- 
iana, April 8th. 

Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana, April 9th. 
Fort Pillow, Tennessee, captured by the Confed- 
erates, April 1 2th. 

Plymouth, North Carolina, surrendered to the 
Confederates, April 12th. 

Army of the Potomac commenced a forward 
movement. May 3d. 

Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia, May 5th-7th. 
March from Chattanooga against Atlanta, com- 
menced May 7th. 
^Battles near Spottsylvania Court House, Vir- 
-^ ginia. May 7th-i3th. 

Brattle of Reseca, Georgia, Mav 15th. , 
Battle of New Market, Virginia, May 15th. 
Army of the Potomac crossed to south side of the 
James River, June 4th. 



~3L— 
1864 Battle between the Kearsarge and Alabama, June 

Early's army invaded Maryland, July 5th. 

Battle of Monocacy, Maryland, July 9th. 

President calls for 500,000 volunteers, July i8tli. 

Battles before Atlanta, Georgia, July 20th, 22d, 

28th. 

Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, sacked and burned, 
July 3otli. 

Explosion of mine and Union repulse at Peters- 
burg, July 30th. 

Confederates defeated at Mobile Bay, Alabama, 
August 5tli. 

Weldon railroad seized by Union troops, Aug-iist 
i8th. 

Atlanta, Georgia, captured by the Union army, 
September 2d. 

Battle of Winchester, Virginia, September 19th. 
Nevada admitted into the Union, October 31st. 
Battle of Franklin, Tennessee, November 30th. 
Battle near Nashville, Tennessee, December i6th. 
Savannah, Georgia, Criptured by the Union army, 
December 21st. 
1865 ^^rt Fisher, North Carolina, captured by the 
Union troops, January 15th. 
Columbia, South Carolina, captured by Union 
troops, February 17th. 

Charleston, South Carolina, captured by Union 
troops, February i8th. 

Wilmington, Nori.h Carolina, captured by Union 
troops, February 22d. 
Petersburg and Richmond entered, April 3d. 



1865 Surrender of IvCe's army, April 9tli. 

President Lincoln assassinated, April i4tli. 

Andrew Johnson inaugurated president, April 

15th. 

Surrender of Johnson's army, April 26th. 

Slavery declared abolished, December i8th. 



ADMINISTRATIONS AND IMPEACHMENT OF 
ANDREW JOHNSON. 

1867 Nebraska was admitted into the Union, Novem- 
ber ist. 

Alaska purchased, June 20th. . 

1868 President Johnson impeached, February 24tli. 
The president acquitted. May 26th. 

1869 Ulysses S. Grant inaugurated president, March 
4th. 

1871 The " Alabama Treaty " concluded. May 8th. 

1876 The Centennial Celebration and "World's Fair," 
May 8th. 

Colorado admitted into the Union, x\ugust ist. 

1877 Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated president, 
March 5th. 

1881 James h. Garfield inaugurated president, March 
4th. 

Chester A. Arthur inaugurated president, Sep- 
tember 20th, in New York, and September 22d, 
in Washington, D. C. 

1885 Grover Cleveland inaugurated president, March 
4th. 



PART IL 



POPULATION OF EVERY STATE AND TER- 
RITORY. 

UNITED STATES CENSUS OF 1880. 



STATES. 



Alabama 

Arkansas 

California - _ 

Colorado 

Connecticut -_^ 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana ^. 

Iowa --- 

Kansas — .. 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine - 

Maryland 

Massachusetts- . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

North Carolina.. 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire - 

New Jersey 

New York 



Population. 



1,262,794 
802.. S 64 
864,686 
194,649 
62,683 
146,654 
267,351 

1,539.048 

3.078,769 

1,978,362 

1,624,620 

995,966 

1.648,708 

940,103 

648,945 

934.632 

1,783,012 

1,636,331 
780,806 

1, 131,592 
2,168,804 
1,400,047 

452,433 
62,265 

346,984 
1,130,983 
5,083,810 




50,772 

52,198 

188,981 

104,500 

4,674 
2,120 
59268 
58,000 
55,410 
33.809 
55,045 
81,313 
37,600 

41,346 

31,776 

11,184 

7,800 

56,451 

83-531 

47,156 

65,350 

50,704 

75,995 

112,090 

9.280 

8,320 

47,000 



W> 
10 

7 
8 

3 
6 

3 
4 
12 
22 
15 
13 
9 
13 



'U- 



POPULATION-Continued 



STATES. 



Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania _- 
Rhode Island -. 
South Carolina- 
Tennessee 

Texas ... 

Vermont .- 

Virginia 

West Virginia - 
Wisconsin 



Population. 



3.198.239 
174,767 

4,282,786 
276,528 
995,662 

1.542,463 

1,592.574 
332,286 

1,512,826 
618,443 

1,315,480 



Total . 49,369.595 I 

District of Columbia — ^.-._J 177,638 ' 

TERKiroRlES. ! 

Arizona 

Dakota _ --.. — ..- — ,_...._ ..._^^. 

Idaho . ^.--._ — 

Montana -- 

New Mexico ., — -.. — ^ 

Utah - .....-.-.- 

Washington 

Wyoming ^. ._-. .^^_-,. ... 

Alaska ^ ..-.._ 





^ 


Afea in Square 


t 


Miles. 


%<^) 












w> 


39,964 


23 


95,224 


3 


46,000 


30 


1,306 


4 


29.385 


9 


45,600 


12 


237,504 


f3 


ro,2i2 


4 


40.904 


12 


23,000 


6 


53,924 


II 


2,054,666 


401 


60 





Total, U. S 50,170,686 



40,441 


113,916 


135,180 


. 147,490 


32,611 


90,632 


39.157 


143,776 


118,430 


121,201 


143.908 


80,056 


75,120 


69,994 


20,788 


93.107 


17,800 


531,409 



3446.457 



—35— 

FICTITIOUS NAMES OF STATES. 

Badger State. — A name popularly given to the state 
of Wisconsin, 

Bay State.— x\ popular name given to Massachu- 
setts, which, previous to the adoption of the Federal 
Constitution, was called the colony of Massachusetts 
Bay. 

Bayou State.— A name sometimes given to Missis- 
sippi, which abounds in bayous. 

Bear State.— A name given to Arkansas, because of 
the number of bears which at one time infested its 
forests. 

Creole State.— A name given to the state of Louisi- 
ana, in which the original descendants of the French 
and Spanish settlers constituted a large portion of the 
population. 

Diamond State. — -A name given to Delaware, from 
its small size and great worth, as was formerly sup- 
posed. 

Empire State. — A popular name of the state of 
New York, the most populous and wealthiest state in 
the Union. 

Freestone State. — The state of Connecticut, .so 
called from the quarfies of freestone which it con- 
tains. 

Granite State. — A popular name for the state of 
New Hampshire, the mountainous portions of which 
are largely composed of granite. 

Green Mountain State. — A popular name for the 
state of Vermont, the Green Mountains being the 
principal mountain range in the state. 



—86— 

Hawkeye State.— The state of Iowa, said to be 
named after an Indian chief, who was once a terror to 
voyagers to its borders, 

Hoosier State.— The state of Indiana, This name 
means the bully of the west. 

Keystone State. —The state of Pennsylvania, so 
called from its having been the central state of the 
Union at the time of the formation of the Constitu- 
tion. 

Ivake State.— x\ name given the state of Michigan, 
which borders on four lakes, Superior, Michigan, Hu- 
ron and Erie. 

Lone Star State. — The state of Texas, so called 
from the device on its coat of arms. 

Lumber State. —A name given to the state of 
Maine, the inhabitants of which are largely engaged 
in the lumber business. 

Mother of Presidents. —A name given to Virginia, 
as she has furnished five Presidents to the Union, 
Virginia is also called the Mother of States, because 
she was the first settled of the thirteen states which 
united in the declaration of independence. 

Nutmeg State,— A name given to the state of Con- 
necticut, the inhabitants of which have such a repu- 
tation for shrewdness that they have been accused of 
palming oif wooden oats and nutmegs on unsuspect- 
ing purchasers, instead of the genuine article. 

Old North State. — A name given to the state of 
North Carolina. 

Palmetto State.— The state of South Carolina, so 
called from the arms of the state, which contains s 
palmetto. 



—37— 

Peninsula State. — The state of Florida, so called 
from its shape. 

Pine Tree State. — The state of Maine, a great por- 
tion of this state is covered with extensive pine forests. 

Prairie State. — The state of Illinois, a name given 
to this state on account of its vast prairies which form 
a striking feature of the scenery of the state. 

Turpentine State. — A name given to the state of 
North Carolina, which produces and exports great 
quantities of turpentine. 

FICTITIOUS NAMES OF CITIKS. 

Blnff City. — Hannibal, Missouri. 

City of Brotherly Love. — Philadelphia, Pennsylva- 
nia. 

City of Churches. — Brooklyn, New York. 

City of Elms. — New Haven, Connecticut. 

City of Magnificent Distances. — The city of Wash- 
ington, District of Columbia. 

City of Notions. — Boston, Massachusetts. 

City of Rocks. — Nashville, Tennessee. 

City of Spindles. — Lowell, Massachusetts. 

City of the Straits.— Detroit, Michigan. 

Crescent City. — New Orleans, Louisiana. 

Empire City. — New York. 

Falls City. — Louisville, Kentucky." 

Flour City. — Rochester, New York. 

Flour City. — Springfield, Illinois. 

Forest City. — Cleveland, Ohio. 

Garden City. — Chicago, Illinois. 

Garden of the West. — A name given to the states of 
Kansas and Illinois. 



—38-- 

Gate City.— Keokuk. 

Hub of the Universe. — Boston, Massachusetts. 

Iron 'City. — Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. 

Mound City. — St. Louis, Missouri. 

Quaker City. — Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Queen City. — Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. 

Greenwood City. — Des Moines. 



THE LONGEST AND LARGEST RIVERS IN 
THE WORLD. 

MILES. 

Amazon, South America : 4,000 

Nile, Africa 4,000 

Missouri to the sea, forming the longest river in 

the world 4^300 

Missouri, to its junction with Mississippi 3? 100 

Niger, Africa 2,700 

Yang tse Kiang, Asia 2,500 

Lena, Asia 2,400 

Yenisei, x\sia_- 2,300 

Amoor, Asia 2,200 

Obi, Asia 2,000 

Hoang Ho, Asia 2,000 

Cambodea, Asia 2,000 

Volga, Europe 2,000 

Danube, Europe 15725 

Irtysh, Asia 1,700 

Euphrates, Asia- 11670 

Undus, Asia 15650 

Ganges, Asia 1)500 

Bramaputra, Asia 1,500 



—39— 

Tungooska, Asia 1,500 

Salwen, Asia 1,500 

Amoo, or Oxus, Asia 1,300 

Dniper, Europe 1,725 

Rio Grande, North America- 1,600 

Nebraska, North America 1,500 

Red River, North America 1,500 

Columbia, or Oregon, North America 1,200 

Kama, Europe 1,100 

Colorado, North America 1,000 

Don, Europe 995 

Ohio, North America 950 

Rhine, Europe 950 

Yellowstone, North America 948 

Kansas, North America 800 

Tennessee, North America 700 

Red River of the North, North x\merica 600 

Cumberland, North America 600 

Susquehanna, North America 500 

Potomac, North America 500 

Alabama, North America 500 

James, North America 450 

Connecticut, North America 425 

Delaware, North America 400 

Hudson, North America 350 

Kennebec, North America 300 

Thames, North America 233 

Thames, Europe 200 



40— 



THE HIGHEST AND LARGEST MOUNTAINS 
IN THE WORLD. 

Himalias in Asia, (Mt Everet) 29,002 

Dhawalaghiri, Asia 28,000 

Sorata, South America--! 25,000 

Volcano Aconcagua, South America 23,910 

Volcano Gualatieri, South America 22,000 

Mt. Chimborazo, South America 21,420 

Mt. Illimoni, South America 21,286 

Mt. Chuquibamba, South America 21,000 

Hindo- Koosh , Asia 20, 594 

Volcano Popocatapetl, North America 18,500 

Mt. St. Elias, North America 18,000 

Volcano Agua, North America 1 7^374 

Mt. Elboorz, Europe ^7^99^ 

Mt. Whitney, North America i5)990 

Mt. Brown, the highest peak of the Rocky Moun- 
tains, North America 155900 

Mt. Blanc, Europe 15,810 

Fremont's Peak 15,675. 

Mt. Fairweather, North America 14,900 

Mt. Ophir, Oceanica 13,842 

Mt. Kini Balu, Oceanica 13,698 

Mt. Kea Volcano, Oceanica 13,645 

Mt. Loa Volcano, Oceanica 13,120 

Mt. Semero, Oceanica 13,000 



41— 



THE BATTLES AND INVENTS OF THE FED- 
ERAL AND CONFEDERATE ARMIES OF 
THE CIVIL WAR OF THE UNITED 
STATES COMPARED. 

Nov. lo. Bill to equip and raise 10,000 volunteers, 
introduced itl the South Carolina legisla- 
ture. 
18. Georgia legislature voted $1,000,000 to arm 
the state. 
20-23. Specie payment suspended by the banks 
in Richmond, Baltimore, Washington, 
Philadelphia and Trenton, also generally 
through the South. 
Dec. 3. A John Brown anniversary meeting in Bos- 
ton broken up by a riot. 
.10. lyouisiana legislature voted $500,000 to arm 

the state. 
24. Election in Alabama, 60,000 majority for 

secession. 
27. Troops ordered out in Charleston 

Jan. 5. Steamer Star of the West, sailed from New 
York with supplies and reinforcements for 
Fort Sumter, arrived off Charleston on the 
9th; was -fired upon and driven back to sea; 
returned to New York on the 12th, v/ith 
two holes shot in her hull. 
7. Senator Toombs, of Georgia, made a seces- 
sion speech in the United States Senate. 



-42- 



Jan. i8. 



21. 



J. 



Feb. 



March 4. 
26. 



May 2. 



II. 
17- 



29. 
3i« 



June 



2. 
10. 



II. 



14. 



Virginia Legislature appropriated $1,000,- 
000 for the defense of the state. 
Jefferson Davis withdrew from the United 
States Senate. 

The United States mint at New Orleans 
seized by the state authorities. 
Jefferson Davis elected President of the 
Confederate States. 

United States $25,000,000 loan bill signed 
by the President. 

Abraham Ivincoln inaugurated President. 
Samuel Houston, Governor of Texas, de- 
posed for refusal to take an oath of alle- 
giance to the Confederate States. 
New York 69th regiment arrived in Wash- 
ington. 

General Butler took possession of the Re- 
lay House. 

The Charleston blockade established. 
The Confederate Congress authorized the 
issue of 150,000,000 of 8 per cent. 20 years 
bonds. 

President Davis reached Richmond. 
Cavalry skirmish at Fairfax Court House, 
Virginia. 

Battle of Phillipi, Virginia. 
Battle of Big Bethel, Virginia; Union 
forces repulsed. 

Colonel Wallace routed Confederate force 
of 800 at Romney, Virginia. 
Confederates evacuated and burned Har- 
per's Ferry, Virginia. 



43- 



i8. Battle of Boonville, Missouri; Confeder- 
ates routed by General Lyon. 

23. Forty-eight B. & O. R. R. locomotives, 
valued at $400,000, destroyed by the Con- 
federates. 

29. General council of war held at Washing- 
ton. 
5. President Lincoln called for 400,000 men 
and 1400,000,000 to put down the rebel- 
lion. 
5. Battle of Carthage, Missouri. 

10. Battle of Laurel Hill. 

11. Battle of Rich Mountain. 
18. First battle of Bull Run. 

21. Second battle of Bull Run. Conflict lasted 
ten hours, when panic seized the Union 
forces, and they fled in disorder to Wash- 
ington. The loss was: Confederates, 630 
killed, 2,235 wounded; and 150 missing; 
Union, 481 killed; 1,011 wounded; and 
1,216 missing. Union loss, 2,698; rebel 
loss, 3,015. The number engaged were: 
40,000 Union; Confederate, 47,000, which 
were reinforced during the battle 25,000. 
2. Battle of Dug Spring, Missouri. 
4. Battle of Athens, Missouri. 

7. Hampton, Virginia, burned by the Con- 
fedeiates. 

8. Battle of Lovettsville, Virginia; Confeder- 
ates defeated. 

10. Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri; Union 
force, 5,200; Coniederate force, 15,000. 



44- 



Sept. 



Oct. 



14. 
15- 

20. 



28. 



29. 
6. 



10. 
18. 

20. 



24. 



3- 
7- 
16, 

21. 

21, 

28. 

Nov. I. 



After six hours' fighting, Confederates re- 
pulsed. 

Martial law deckred in St. I^ouis. 
President Davis ordered all Northern men 
to leave the Confederacy within forty days. 
Skirmish of Hawk's Nest, Virginia, 4,000 
Confederates attacked, the nth Ohio regi- 
ment, and were driven back with fifty killed. 
Bombardment and capture of Forts Clark 
and Hatteras; Confederate loss, 765 prison- 
ers and 1,000 stand of arms. 
Lexington, Missouri, attacked. 
Paducah, Kentucky, occupied by Union 
forces. 

Battle of Carnifax Ferry, Virginia. 
Banks at New Orleans suspended specie 
payment. 

Colonel Mulligan surrendered at IvCxing- 
ton, Missouri, with 2,500 men to the Con- 
federates. 

Romney, Virginia, stormed and captured 
by United States troops. 
Battle at Greenbriar, Virginia. 
General W. T. Sherman relieved. 
Battle near Pilot Knob, Missouri. 
Battle of Balls Bluff. 
Battle of Wild Cat, Kentucky. 
Battle of Cromwell, Kentucky. 
Winfield Scott, commander of the United 
States army, retired, and Major General 
George B. McClellan was appointed in his 
place. 



—45— 

7- Great naval fi«rht off Hilton Head. 

8. Battle of Belmont^ Missouri. 
II. Battle of Piketon, Kentucky. 

19. English packet Trent, boarded by Captain 
Wilkes, and Mason and Slidell captured. 
On the 24th they were placed in Fort War- 
ren, Boston Harbor, from which they were 
released on January ist, 1862, on a demand 
of the British government. 

2. Naval engagement at Newport News. 

9. Congress passed a bill authorizing exchange 
of prisoners. 

10. Shelling of Free Stone Point by Union gun- 
boats.' 

20. Battle of Drainsville, Missouri. 

30. The banks of New York, Philadelphia, Al- 
bany and Boston suspend specie payment. 

2. Battle at Port Royal Island, South Carolina. 

11. Battle of Middle Creek, Kentucky. . 

19. Battle of Mill Spring, Kentucky. Confeder- 
ate loss, 192 killed, 68 wounded and 89 pris- 
oners; Union loss, 39 killed, 207 w^ounded. 
6. Fort Henry captured by Union soldiers, 
7-8. Battle of Roanoke Island. Union loss, 
50 killed, 222 wounded; Confederate loss, 
13 killed, 39 wounded and 2,527 prisoners. 

13. Battle of Fort Donelson, which was kept 
up incessently till the i6th, when the fort 
was surrendered to the Union forces. Union 
loss, 446 killed, 1,735 wounded and 150 



prisoners; Confederate loss, 237 killed, 1,007 
wounded and 13,300 prisoners. 
21. Battle near Fort Craig, New Mexico. 
Union loss, 162 killed and 40 wounded. 
March 6-8. Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas. Con- 
federate loss, 1,100 killed, 2,400 wounded, 
and 1,600 prisoners; Union loss, 203 killed, 
972 wounded and 176 missing. 
9. First encounter of iron-clad vessels "Mon- 
itor" and "Merrimac," in which the latter 
was defeated. 

10. Manass'iS, Virginia, evacuated by the reb- 
els. 

14. Battle of Newbern, North Carolina. 

23. Battle of Winchester, Virginia. 

28. Battle of Valles Ranch, New Mexico. 

31. B. & O. R. R. reopened, after having been 
closed for nearly a year. 
April 6-7. Battle of Pittsurg Landing. Union loss, 
1,735 killed, 7,822 wounded, and 4,044 
missing. Over 3,000 Confederates were 
buried on the field. 
7. Island No. 10, Mississippi River, surren- 
dered after twenty-three days' bombard- 
ment. Confederate loss: 125 guns, 13 
steamers, 10,000 small arms, 2,000 horses, 
1,000 wagons and 6,200 prisoners. 
9. "Shiloh," the most famotis battle, fought. 

11. Pulaski surrendered after a thirty-hour 
bombardment. 

16. Battle of Lee's Mills. 

19. Battle of Camden, North Carolina. 



_4f_ 



April 


25. 


May 


r. 




5- 




8. 




lO. 




23. 




55. 




27. 




.3^- 


June 


4' 




6. 




8. 




9- 




26. 




a;. 




30- 


July 


I. 



5- 

20. 

Aug. 4. 



Commodore Farragut demanded the surren- 
der of New Orleans. 
New Orleans captured by Union forces. 
Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia, 
Battle of West Point, Virginia. 
Surrender of Norfolk, Virginia. 
General Butler captures |8oo,ooo in gold 
at New Orleans. 

Battle of Front Royal, Virginia, 
Battle of Winchester, Virginia, 
Battle of Corinth. 
Battle of Fair Oaks, Virginia. 
Battle of Seven Pines, Virginia. 
Battle of Tranter's Creek, North Carolina. 
Great gunboat fight before Memphis, at 
the close of which Memphis surrendered 
unconditionally. 
Battle of Cross Keys, Virginia. 
Battle of Port Republic, Virginia. 
Battle of Mechanicsville, Virginia. 
Bombardment of Vicksburg, Mississippi. 
Battle of White Oak Swamp. 
Battle of Malvern Hill, the last of the 
seven days' fight before Richmond. Total 
Union loss was 15,224, of which 1,565 
were killed. 

President Lincoln called for 60,000 men. 
Bombardment of Vicksburg. 
Postage stamps made a legal tender. 
Morgan's guerrillas overtaken and scattered. 
President Lincoln ordered 300,000 men 
drafted. 



Aug. 5. Battle of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 

Attack on Fort Donelson, Tennessee. 
9. Battle of Cedar Mountain. 
21. Five Confederate regiments crossed the 
Rappahannock and almost into the masked 
batteries of General Sigel, which opened 
fire on them with grape and canister, 
mowing them down by scores, 700 being 
killed and 2,000 captured. 

28. Battle near Centerville, Missouri. 
Union forces evacuate Fredericksburg, 
Virginia. 

29. Battle of Groverton, near Bull Run, Vir- 
ginia. 

30. Battle of Groverton renewed ; General Pope 
defeated. 

Battle near Richmond, Kentucky; Union 
forces defeated; 200 killed, 700 wounded, 
2,000 prisoners taken. 
Sept. r. Battle near Chantilly, Virginia. 

Battle at Briton's Lane, Tennessee. 
12. Harper's Ferry invested by Confederates. 

14. Battle of South Mountain, Maryland; 
Union loss, 2,325. 

15. Harper's Ferry surrendered; 11,500 Fed- 
erals surrendered. 

17. Battle of Antietam. Each army numbered 
about 100,000. Confederate loss, 25,542; 
Union loss, 12,469. 

Munfordsville, Kentucky, surrenders to 
the Confederates; 4,600 Federals captured. 

20. Battle of luka, Mississippi. 



-49— 

Sept* 21. Emancipation proclamation issued. 
Oct. 3-4. Battle of Corinth, Mississippi. Confeder- 
ate loss, 9 363; Union loss, 1,359. 
8-9. Battle of Perryville, Missouri. 

15. Heavy fight between Lexington and Rich- 
mond, Kentucky. 

18. Morgan, the raider, dashed into Lexing- 
ton, Kentucy and captured 125 prisoners. 
22. Battle of Maysville, Arkansas. 
Nov. I. Artillery fight at Philmont, Virginia. 

3. Reconnaissance at the base of Blue Ridge 
Mountain. Confederates driven into the 
river and drowned by the hundreds. 

4. Galveston, Texas, surrendered. 

16. Captain Dahlgren, with fifty-four men, 
dashed into Fredericksburg, Virginia and 
routed 500 Confederates. 

21. General Sumner demanded the surrender 
of Fredericksburg, Virginia. 

27. Battle near Frankfort, Virginia. 

28. Battle of Cone HiH, Arkansas. 

Dec. 4. Wincliester, Virginia, captured by Union 
soldiers. 

5. Battle near CofFeeville, Mississippi. 
7. Battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas. 

11. Fredericksburg, Virginia, shelled by Fed- 
eralists. 

12. Fredericksburg captured. 

13. Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia. 

2Q. General Sherman repulsed by the Confed- 
erates. 
31. Battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee. 



-oO- 



Jan. I, Battle of Galveston, Texas. 

Battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, re- 
newed with dreadful results to the Feder- 
als. Union loss was 1,500 killed, 6,000 
wounded, 4,000 prisoners taken, 
7. Battle of Springfield, Missouri. 

March 21. Battle of Cottage Grove, Tennessee. 
28. Battle of Sumnierville, Kentucky. 

May 2. Battles of Fort Gibson, Mississippi, and 
Chancellorville, Virginia. 

12. Battle of Raymond, Mississippi. 

16. Battle of Champion Hill, Mississippi. 

17. Battle of Big Black River, Mississippi. 
19. Repulse of the Vicksburg assault. 

June 15. Battle of Winchester, Virginia. 

25. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, captured by 

the Confederates. 
30. Battle of Hanover Junction, Virginia. 
2. Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. 
4. General Grant captured Vicksburg, Mis- 
sissippi. 
9. Surrender of Port Pludson. 
10. Repulse of the assault on F'ort Wagner. 

13. Commencement of New York draft riots. 
Aug. 20. Lawrence, Kansas, v/as burned. 

Oct. 17. Pres't Lincoln calls for 300,000 more men. 

Nov. 15. Battle of Campbell's Station. 

24. Battles of Lookout Mountain and Mission- 
ary Ridge were fought, Chattanooga, Ten- 
nessee. 



July 



—51— 



March 17. General U. S. Grant assumed command of 

all the armies of the United States. 
May 4. The Army of the Potomac crossed the 
Rapidan and encamped in the "Wilder- 
ness." 
5-6. Battles of the Wilderness, Virginia. 

6. General Sherman beo;an his Atlanta cam- 
paign. 
9. Battle of Spottsylvania, Virginia. 
14. Battle of Resaca, Georgia. 

25. Battle of New Hope Church Station, 
Georgia. 

26. The Confederates were repulsed in an at- 
tack on City Point, Virginia. 

June I. Battle of Cold Harbor, Virginia. 

3. A battle was fought near Cold Harbor, 

Virginia. 
16. Unionists were defeated in an attack on 

Petersburg, Virginia. 
19. The investment of Petersburg, Virginia, 
was begun. 

The Alabama was sunk off Cherbourg, 
France, by the Kearsarge. 
21-22. The Federals were repulsed in attacks 
upon Weldon railroad, Virginia. 

27. Battle of Kenesaw Mountain. 

28. The Confederates moved on Washington 
by way of the Shenandoah Valley, Vir- 
ginia. 

July 9. Battle of Monocacy River, Maryland. 



—62— 

July 20. Battle of Peach Tree Creelc, Georgia, 
22. Battle in rear of Atlanta, Georgia. 

30. The second nnsnccessful assault was made 
by the Union army upon Petersburg, Vir- 
ginia. 

Aug. 6. Fort Gaines, in Mobile Bay, surrendered 
to Admiral Farragut. 

21. The Weldon railroad captured. 

31. The battle of Jonesboro. 

Sept. 2. The Union army entered Atlanta. 

19. The battle of Winchester, Virginia. 

22. The battle of Fisher's Creek, Virginia, 
30. Battle at Peeble's Farm, Virginia. 

Oct. 2. Battle of Holston River, Virginia. 
6. Battle of Ailatoona Pass, Georgia. 
19. Battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia. 
27. The Union army was repulsed at Hatch- 
er's Run, Virginia. 
Nov. 16. General Sherman began his March to the 

sea. 
Dec. 13. Fort McAlister was captured by the Union 
army. 
15. The battle of Nashville, Tennessee. 
25. The Union army was repulsed in an at- 
tack on Fort Fisher, North Carolina. 

Jan. 15. Fort Fisher, North Carolina, was captured 
by the Union army. 

Feb. 5. The Union army was repulsed at Hatch- 
er's Pvun, Virginia. 

March 16. Battle of Averasboro, North Carolina. 



-i}6 



March 18. Battle. of Bentonville, North Carolina. 

25. Fort Steadmaii, near Petersburg, was cap- 
tured by the Confederates, and recaptured 
by the Union army. 
31. The battle of Five Forks, Virginia. 
April 2. Richmond was evacuated by the Confeder- 
ates. 
6. Battle of Farniville, Virginia. 
9. General Lee surrenders to General U. S. 
Grant, with 26,115 men at Appomattox 
Court House, Virginia. • 

13. Mobile surrendered to a combined anny 
and navy attack. 

14. The flag General Anderson had Lowered at 
Fort Sumter w^as raised to its position. 
President Lincoln was assassinated at 
Washington. He was shot in the back of 
the head, at Ford's Theater, by Wilkes 
Booth, and died next morning. 

15. Andrew Johnson, Vice President, took 
the oath of office as President. 

25. Wilkes Booth shot, in a barn in Virginia, 
and died in twenty-four hours. 

26. General Johnston surrendered to General 
Sherman in North Carolina. 

May 5. Galveston, Texas, surrendered to the Fed- 
erals. 

10. Jeff Davis captured in Georgia. 

13. A skirmish took place near Brazos, East- 
ern Texas. 

26. The Confederates in Texas, under General 
Kirbv Smith, surrendered, 



—54— 

May 26. The armies of the East and West were 
disbanded and returned home, after a re- 
view at Washington. 

June 6. An order was issued for the release of all 
prisoners of war in the depots of the north. 

July 7. Mrs. Surratt, Harold, Payne and Atzerott 
hanged at Washington for conspiracy in 
the murder of Abraham Lincoln. 

Dec. 18. Secretary Seward officially declared slavery 
abolished. 



LARGEST CITIES IN THE WORLD. 

POPULATION ACCORDDSTG TO THE LATEST CENSUS. 

London, England 3,832,441 

Paris, France, 2,269,023 

Pekin , China 2, 000, 000 

Canton, China, east 1,500,000 

New York, United States 1,206,577 

Berlin, Prussia 1,122,330 

Vienna, Austria 1,103,857 

Tschantshau-fu, China, east 1,000,000 

Singan-fu, China, east . 1,000,000 

Siongtan, China, east 1,000,000 

Tientsin, China, east 950,000 

St. Petersburg, Russia 927,000 

Philadelphia, United States 847,467 

Tschingta-fn, China, east ^ 800,000 

Moscow, Russia 748,000 

Calcutta, India 683,329 

Bombay, India 644,405 



—55— 

Constantinopie, Turkey 600,000 

Bangkok, India 600,000 

Tschuiigking-fu, China 600,000 

Hankow, China 600, 000 

Tokio, Japan 594,283 

Brooklyn, United States 566,689 

Glasgow, Scotland 555,289 

Liverpool, England 552,423 

Chicago, United States 503,185 

Sutchan, China 500,000 

Schaohing, China J 500,000 

Naples, Italy 494,314 

Nongkin, China 450,000 

Birmingham, England !_._ 400,757 

Fatschau, China 400,000 

Hangtseheu-fu, China 400,000 

Madrid, Spain 397,552 

Manchester, England 393,676 

Boston, United States . 390,406 

Warsaw, Poland 383,973 

Brussels, Belgium 377,084 

Lyons, France 376,613 

Buda Pesth, Hungary 365,051 

Marseilles, France 360,099 

Jangtschau, Cliina 360,000 

St. Louis, United States 350,5iS 

Baltimore, United States 332,313 

Amsterdam, Holland 328,047 

Cairo, Egypt 327,462 

Milan, Italy . 321,839 

Leeds, England 309,126 

Rome, Italy 300,467 



-56- 



Hamburg, Germany 289,849 

Ivucknow, India 284,779 

Sheffield, England 284,410 

Osaka, Japan 1 284,105 

Cincinnati, United States 252,832 



SIZE OF LAKES, SEAS AND OCEANS. 

T.AKKS. 

Caynga, 36 miles long and 4 miles wide. 
George, 36 miles long and 3 miles wide. 
Constance, 45 miles long and 10 miles wide. 
Geneva, 50 miles long and 10 miles wide. 
Lake of llie Woods, 70 miles long and 25 miles wide. 
Champlain, 123 miles long and 12 miles wide. 
Ladoga, 125 miles long and 75 miles wide. 
Maraca\bo, 150 miles long and 60 miles wide. 
Great Bear, 150 miles long and 40 miles wide. 
Ontario, 180 miles long and 40 miles wide. 
Athabasca, 200 miles long and 20 miles wide. 
Winnipeg, 240 miles long and 40 miles wide. 
Hnron, 250 miles long and 90 miles wide. 
Erie, 270 miles long and 50 miles wide. 
Great Slave, 300 miles long and 45 miles wide. 
Michigan, 330 miles lonv^ and 60 miles wide. 
Barcal, 360 miles long and 35 miles wide. 
vSnperior, 380 miles long and 120 miles wide. 



SPCAs. 



Aral, 250 miles long. 
Baltic, 900 miles long. 



—57— 

Black, 932 miles long. 

Caribbean, 1,800 miles long. 

China, 1,700 miles long. 

Caspian, 640 miles long. 

Japan, 1,000 miles long. 

Mediterranean, 2,000 miles long. 

Okhotsk, 600 miles long. 

Red, 1,400 miles long and 250 miles wide. 

White, 450 miles long. 

OCEANS. 

The German Ocean, or North Sea, is situated be- 
tween Great Britain and the Netherlands, Germany, 
Denmark and Norway. It is considered to extend 
from the Strait of Dover to the northwest of the 
Shetland Islands. Length, 650 miles; greatest 
breadth, 400 miles. 

Atlantic Ocean. That part of the ocean which 
separates the old from the new world; it v/ashes the 
eastern shore of America and the western shores of 
Europe and Africa. Its width is 3,000, its area 
40,000,000 square miles. The name was given on 
account of its vicinity to the Atlas mountains. 

Pacific Ocean. A vast expanse of water extending 
from the western shore of America to the eastern 
shores of Asia and Australia. Its most northern 
limit is Behring's Strait; towards the southern ex- 
tremity it is divided from the Atlantic by a line drawn 
from Cape Horn to the Soutli Pole. Its extent from 
north to' south is 10,000 miles, and from east to west 
11,000 miles. Its area is 110,000,000 square miles. 



—58-^ 

The Pacific received its name from Magellan, the 
Spaniard who first traversed it. 

Indian Ocean is sitnated between Africa, Asia and 
Malaisia. Its greatest length from east to west is 
4,000 miles, and from north to south 5,000 miles. 
Area, 20,000 square miles. 

Arctic Ocean. Area, 5,000,000 square miles. 

Southern Ocean. Area, 10,000,000 square miles. 



ELEVATION OF CITIES. 

FKET. 

Potosi, South America ^3?330 

Puno, South America 12,870 

La Poz, South America 12,226 

Cuzco, South America ii)38o 

Leh, Asia _ 9,995 

Quito, South America 9? 553 

Chuquisaca, South America 9,343 

Bogata, South America 8,732 

Arequipa, South America 7,852 

Ghiznee, South America 7'J^^ 

Mexico, Mexico 7,74^ 

Puebla, Mexico 7,200 

Valladolid, Spain , 6,395 

Cabul, Asia 6, 360 

Popayan, New Grenada 6,000 

Kelat, Asia ^__, 6,000 

Candahar, Asia 5,5^3 

Cashmere, Asia 5,000 

Jalapa, Asia ^ 4,340 

Teheran, Asia 4,i37 

Kutaiah, Turkey--.. _--__,_^-, ____,,., 4,000 



-59— 

Madrid, Spain 1,995 

Munich, Germany — 1.764 

Geneva, Switzerland -- 1,230 

Aurora, or Star City, North America 7,468 

Salt Lake City, North America 4, 200 

ELEVATION OF LAKES. 

Sirikol, source of the Amoo, or Oxus River-- 15,600 

Manasarowar ^ 5 » 000 

Rawan Rhud, source of the Sutlege River — 15,000 

Titicaca 12,846 

Aullagas (salt) 12,257 

Tahoe - 7,000 

Dembea 6,269 

Van (salt) 5,467 

Great Salt Lake 4,220 

Itasca, source of the Mississippi River i,575 

Baikal 1,419 

Lucerne 1,380 

Constance 1,250 

Geneva . 1,229 

Su perior 627 

Huron ~ 574 

Erie -_,_- ,^ — 565 

Ontario ., -.-, 231 

Sea of Aral (salt) . 36 

DEPRESSION OF LAKES. 

Dead Sea, or Lake Asphaltites (salt) 1,312 

Lake Tiberias 755 

Caspian vSea (sal t) - - ,. ^ — - — 83 



-60— 



THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. 

1. New Hampshire. 

2. Massachusetts. 

3. Rhode Island. 

4. Connecticut. 

5. New York. 

6. New Jersey. 

7. Pennsylvania. 

8. Delaware. 

9. Maryland. 

10. Virginia. 

11. North Carolina. 

12. South Carolina. 

13. Georgia. 

AMERICAN WARS. 

Algerian war -1815 

American revolution 1775 

Barbary war 1^03 

Dutch war 1673 

Queen Anne's war 1774 

King William's war 1689 

Indian war 1790 

King Phillip's war 1675 

First Sem.inole war 1817 

Second Seminole war 1835 

Tecumseh war 1804 

War of 1812 181 2 

Tlie Southern rebellion 1861 

M exican war 1 846 

French and Indian war 1754 



HEIGHTS OF WATERFALLS. 

FEE!'. 

Cerosola Cascade, Alps, Switzerland--. 2,400 

Falls of Arve, Savoy --_i,ooo 

Falls of St. Anthony, Upper Mississippi 60 

Falls of Terni, near Rome _- - 300 

Fryer's, near Ivochness, Scotland 200 

Genesee Falls, Rochester, New York 96 

Lanterbaum, Lake Theen, Switzerland 900 

Ividford Cascade, Devonshire, England 100 

Missonri Falls, North America 90 

Natchikin Falls, Kamstchatka 300 

Niagara Falls, North America 165 

Montmorency Falls, Canada 250 

Nile Cataracts, Upper Egypt 40 

Tivoli Cascade, near Rome 40 

Passaic Falls, New Jersey 71 

Waterfall Monntain Cascade, Sonth Africa 85 



A FEW FACTS. 



The total railway mileage of the world is 319,152. 

The number of Chinamen in the United States is 
300,000. 

The United States has received about 14, 000, oooem- 
igrants. 

Public Occurrences, — The first American appeared 
in Boston in 1990. 

Of the twenty-six barons who signed the Magna 
Charta, only three could v/rite their names. 



Harvard is the oldest college in the United States, 
It was founded in 1633. 

William and Mary was founded in 1693. 

Yale was founded in 1697. 

New York furnished 467,047 soldiers in the civil war. 

Pennsylvania furnished 366, 107 soldiers. 

Ohio furnished 319,659 soldiers. 

Illinois furnished 259, 147 soldiers. 

The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652. 

Until 1776 cotton-spinning was performed by the 
hand-spinning wheel. 

The first sewing machine was patented by Elias 
Howe, Jr., in 1846. 

The first steam engine on this continent was brought 
from England in 1753. 

The first knives were used in England, and the 
wheeled carriages in 1559. 

Gold was discovered in California in 1848. 



ARTICLES FREE OF DUTY. 

Actors' costumes and effects intended for personal use. 

Animals for breeding purposes. 

Antiquities not for sale. 

Articles and tools of trade. 

Art works of American artists. 

Bed feathers. 

Birds, land and water fowl. 

Books printed over twenty years. 

Coal— Anthracite. 

Cocoa. 

Coffee. 



Collection of antiquities for use in colleges, muse- 
ums and incorporated societies. 

Diamonds— rough , 

Effects of American citizens dying abroad, if ac- 
companied by consular certificate. 

Engraving (engraved over twenty years). 

Farina. 

Fertilizers. 

Fruits and nuts. 

Furs — undressed. 

Hides-=--raw. 

Household effects in use abroad over one yeaf and 
not for .sale. 

India rubber. 

Mineral waters— ^-natural. 

Mother of pearl — unmanufactured. 

Natural history specimens (not for sale). 

Newspapers. 

Periodicals. 

Personal effects, when old and in use over one year. 

Plants, trees and shrubs. 

Rags— other than wool, 

Rubber-— crude. 

Scientific instruments. 

Skins — raw. 

Tapioca. 

Tea. 

United States manufactures to foreign countries 
and return. 

Wax— vegetable and mineral. 



ELECTIONS AND MEETINGS OF LEGISLA- 
TURES. 



DATE OF ELECTION. 



Day of Meeting. 



Alabama 

Arkansas a 

California b 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware c 

Florida 

Georgian 

Illinois^ 

Indiana c 

Iowa a 

Kansas 

Kentucky b 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland a 

Massachusetts 

Michigan c 

Minnesota 

Mis.sissippi 

Missouri ci 

Nebraska C-_ --_. 

Nevada c 

New Hampshire.. 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina rf. 

Ohio a 

Oregon d 

Peniis\'lvania c __. 

Rhode'lsland 

South Carolina — 

Tennessee b 

Texas^ 

Vermont d 

Virginia b 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 



Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov- 
Tu. after ist Mon. ol^Nov- 

First Tuesday of Sept 

F'irst Tuesday of Oct 

First Wednesday of May- 
Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov.. 
Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov_. 
Second Wednesday of Jan 
Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov.. 
Second Tuesday of Oct—. 

Second Tuesday of Oct 

Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov.. 
First Monday of August—. 

First Monday of Nov 

Second Monday of Sept 

Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov.. 
Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov-. 
Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov.. 
Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov_. 
Tn. after ist Mon of Nov-. 
Tu after ist .Mon. of Nov-. 
Second Tuesday of Oct — 
Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov— 
Second Tuesday of March. 
Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov_. 
Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov— 



Second Tuesday of Oct.— 

First Monday of June 

Tu. after ist Mo!i. of Nov- 
First Wednesday of April- 
Third Wednesday ot Oct- 
Tu. after i st Mon. of Nov- 

First Tuesday of Nov 

First Tuesday of Sept 

Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov_ 
Second Tuesday of Oct — 
Tu. after ist Mon. of Nov_ 



looiThird Monday of Nov. 



26 82|Tu. after 2d Mon. of Nov. 
40 80I First Monday of Dec. 
26 49 First Wednesday of Jaiii 
21 237 First Monday of April. 
9 2iiTuesday after ist of Jan. 

24 53 Tuesday after ist of Jan. 
441 1731 First Wednesday of Oct. 
51 153; Wed. after ist Mon. of Jan. 
50 100 Finst Wednesday of Jan. 
50 100 Second Monday of Jan. 

33 105 Second Tuesday of Jan. 
38 100 First Monday of Dec. 

36 107 Fir.st Monday of Jan. 

31 151 First Wednesday of Jau. 
26 85 First Wednesday of Jau: 

40 240 First Wednesday of Jan. 

32 100 First Wednesday of Jan; 

41 106 Tu. after ist Mon. ©f Jan. 

37 115 Tu. after ist Mon. of Jan. 

34 131 First Wednesday of Jan. 

25 75 Thur. after ist Mon. of Jail . 
25 50 First Monday of Jan. 

12 341 First Wednesday of Jan. 
21 60 Second Tuesday of Jan ; 
32 128 First Tuesday of Jan. 
50 120 Third Mondax^ of Nov. 
36} 105 First Monday of Jan. 
30 60 Second Monday of Sept. 
50 200 First Tuesday of Jan. 
36 72 L,ast Tuesday of May. 

32 124 Fourth Monday of Nov. 
25 75 First Monday of Oct. 

30 90 Second Tuesdaj'^ of Jau. 
30 241 Second Thursday of Oct. 
43 181 First Monday of Dec. 
51 Third Tuesday of Jan. 

33 100 First Wednesday of Jan: 



a. Biennial sessions in even years, with election in odd years immediately 
preceding. ^ 

b. Biennial sessions and elections in odd years. 

c Biennial sessions in odd years, with elections in even years immediately 
preceding. 

d. Biennial sessions in even years. 

In other states the sessions and elections are annual. 



—65— 

THE GREATEST BATTLES IN HISTORY. 

The battle of Actium, B. C. 301, in which the com- 
bined fleets of Antony and Cleapatra were defeated 
by Octavius, and imperialism established in the per- 
son of Octavius. 

The battle of Arbela, B. C. 331, in which the Per- 
sians, under Tarius, were defeated by the Macedo- 
nians and Greeks under Alexander the Great. 

The battle of Marathon, B. C. 490, in which the 
Athenians, under Mietiades, defeated the Persians, 
under Datis. 

The battle of Syracuse, B. C. 413, in which the 
Athenians were defeated by the Syracusans and their 
allies. 

The battle of Metaurus, B. C. 207, in which the 
Carthagenians, under Hasdruble, were defeated by 
the Romans, under the consuls, Caius, Claudius, Ne- 
ro and Marcus Sevius. 

The Battle of Philippi, B. C. 42, in which Brutus 
and Cassius were defeated by Octavius and Antony. 
The fate of the republic was decided. 

The battle of Blenheim, A. D. 1704, in which the 
French and Bavarians, under Marshal Tallard, were 
defeated by the English and their allies, under Marl- 
borough. 

The battle of Chalons, A. D. 451, in which the 
Huns, under Atilla, called the "Scourge of God," 
were defeated by the confederate armies of the Ro- 
mans and Visigoths. 

Battle of Hastings, A. D. 1066, in which Harold, 
commanding the English army, was defeated by Wil- 
liam the Conquerer, of Normandy. 



The battle of Lutzen, 163, which decided the re- 
ligious liberties of Germany. Gustavus x^dolphus 
was killed. 

The battle of Pultowa, A. D. 1709, in which 
Charles XII, of Sweden, was defeated by the Rus- 
sians, under Peter the Great. 

The battle of Tours, A. D. 732, in which the Sara- 
cens were defeated by Charles Martel. Christendom 
was rescued from Islam. 

On the 2ist oi October, A. D. 1805, the great naval 
battle of Trafalgar was fought. The English defeated 
the French, and destroyed the hopes of Napoleon as 
to a successful invasion of England. 

The battle of Valmy, A. D. 1792, in which an in- 
vading army of Prussians, Austrians and Hessians, 
under the command of the Duke of Brunswick, were 
defeated by the French, under Damowriez. 

The battle of Waterloo, A. D. 1815, in which the 
French, under Napoleon, were defeated by the allied 
armies of Russia, Austria, Prussia and England, un- 
der the Duke of Wellington. 

ALIEN AND SEDITION LAWS. 

Laws passed in 1798 authorizing the President to 
expel from the country any alien suspected of con- 
spiracy against the government, and that the Presi- 
dent might suppress any publication calculated to 
sow sedition or weaken governmental authority. 



MEN CALLED BY PRESIDENT DURING THE 
LATE WAR. 

The total number called for under all calls made by 
the President, from April 15, 1861, to April 14, 1865, 
was 2,759,049. Their terms of service under all calls 
were from three months to three years. 

AGGREGATE. 

New York 455,568 

Pennsylvania 366,326 

Ohio 317,133 

Illinois 258,217 

Indiana 195,147 

Massachusetts 151,785 

Missouri '^^7^773 

Wisconsin 96,118 

Michigan 90, 119 

New Jersey 79,5ii 

Kentucky 78,540 

Iowa 75,860 

Maine 71, 745 

Connectiout 52,270 

Maryland 49,730 

Vermont 35,256 

New Hampshire 34,605 

West Virginia 30,003 

Minnesota 25,034 

Rhode Island 23,721 

Kansas 20,097 

District of Columbia 16,872 

Delaware 13,651 

Total 2,653,062 



—68— 

HEIGHTS OF MONUMENTS AND TOWERS IN 
DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD. 

FEET, 

Egypt, Pyramid of Cheops 486 

Belgium, Antwerp Cathedral 476 

France, Strasburg Cathedral 474 

^gypt) Pyramid of Cephrenes 456 

Rome, St. Peter's Church 448 

Germany, St. Martin's Church at I^andshut 411 

England, St. Paul's Church, London • 365 

England, Salsbury Cathedral 400 

Italy, Cathedral at Florence 386 

Lombardy, Cathedral at Cremona 397 

Germany, Church at Fribourg 386 

Spain, Cathedral of Seville 360 

Lombardy, Cathedral of Milan 355 

Holland, Cathedral of Utrecht 356 

Egypt, Pyramid of Sakkarah 356 

Bavaria, Cathedral of Notre Dame, Munich 348 

Venice, St. Mark's Church 328 

Italy, Assinelli Tower, Bologna 272 

New York, Trinity Church 284 

Hindoostan, Column at Delhi 262 

Parib, Church ol Notre Dame 224 

China, Porcelain Tower, Nankin 260 

Massachusetts, Bunker Hill Monument 221 

Italy, Leaning Tower of Pisa 179 

Baltimore, Washington Monument 175 

Pans, Monument, Place Vendome 151 

Paris, Obelisk of Luxor no 



—69— 

THE GREAT WONDERS OF AMERICA. 

Yosemite valley, California. It is from eight to 
ten miles long, and about one mile wide; has very 
steep slopes, about 3,500 feet high; has a perpendicu- 
lar precipice 3,089 feet high; a rock almost perpen- 
dicular, 3,270 feet high; and waterfalls from 700 feet 
to 1,000. 

Niagara Falls. A sheet of water three-quarters of a 
mile wide, with a fall of 175 feet. 

Natural bridge over Cedar Creek, in Virginia. 

New State Capitol at Albany, New York. 

Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. 

New York and Brooklyn Bridge. 

Croton Aqueduct in New York City. 

Lake Superior, the largest lake in the world. 

Washington monument, Washington, D. C, 555 
feet high. 

City Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the largest 
park in the world. 

Central Park, New York City. 

THE STEAMER GREAT EASTERN. 

The construction commenced May i, 1854, and the 
work of launching her, which lasted from November 
3d, 1857, to January, 1858, cost $300,000, hydraulic 
pressure being employed. Her extreme length is 680 
feet, breadth 82^2 feet, and including paddle-boxs, 118 
feet; height, 58 feet, or 70 feet to the top of bulwarks. 
She has eight engines, capable in actual work of 11,- 
000 horsepower, and has besides 20 auxiliary engines. 
She has been employed with great success as a cable- 
laying, vessel. 



GOVERNORS' 



SALARIES AND 
OFFICE. 



TERMS OF 



States and Territories. 



Terms of Office. 



Salary 

per 
Year. 



Alabama _ }Two years ^ \$3,ooo 

Arizona Territory jFouryears 1 2,600 

Arkansas iTwo years 1 3,000 



California Fouryears 6,000 

Colorado Two years { 5,000 

Connecticut Two years j 2,000 

Dakota Territory Fouryears 1 2,600 

Delaware Fouryears '• 2,000 

Florida Fouryears 3.500 

Georgia Two years i 3,000 

Idaho Territory , Fouryears -j 2,600 

Illinois Fouryears j 6,000 

Iowa Two years ' 3,000 

Kansas Two years ! 3,000 

Kentucky Fouryears ----\ 5,000 

Ivouisiana Fouryears i 4,000 

Maine . Two years \ 2,000 

Maryland JFouryears I 4,500 

Massachusetts jOne year ; 4,000 

Michigan jTwo 3'ears i 1,000 

Minnesota iTwo years i 3,300 

Mississippi — jFouryears _ i 4,000 

Missouri" jFouryears j 5,000 

Montana Territory jFouryears i 2,600 

Nebraska iTwo years i 2,500 

Nevada Fouryears j 5,000 

New Hampshire JTwo years j 1,000 

New Jersey jThree years . 5,000 

New Mexico Territory Fouryears ! 2,600 

New York-- jThree years 1 10 000 

North Carolina JFouryears i 3,000 

Ohio Two years j 4,000 

Oregon Fouryears ! 1,500 

Pennsylvania Fouryears "loooo 

Rhode Island One year 1,000 



—71-- 

GOVKRNORS' SALARIES AND TERMS OF 
OFFICE. 

(Continued.) 



States and Territories. 



Salary 
Terms of Office. per 

i Year. 



South Carolina {Two years 

Tennessee jTwo years 



Texas 

Utah Territory 

Virginia 

Washington Territory . 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming Territory- — 



Two years 
Four years 
Four years - 
Four years - 
Four years - 
Two years. 
Four years . 



3,500 
4,000 
4,000 
2,600 
5,000 
2,600 
2,700 
5,000 
2,600 



MASON AND DIXON'S LINE. 

A name given to the southern boundary line of the 
tree state of Pennsylvania, which formerly separated 
it from the slave states of Maryland and Virginia It 
was, with the exception of about twenty-two miles, 
surveyed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two 
English mathematicians and surveyors, between No- 
vember 15, 1763, and December 26, 1767. During 
the exciting debate in Congress, in 1820, on the ques- 
tion of excluding slavery from Missouri, the eccentric 
John Randolph, of Roanoke, made great use of this 
phrase, which was caught up and reechoed by every 
newspaper in the land, and thus gained a celebrity 
which it still retains. 



2- 



WHAT THE WHITE HOUSE COSTS. 

Salary of President $50,000 

Additional appropriations are about 75>ooo 

Total of $125,000 

The president has the following corps of as- 
sistants: 

Private secretary 

Assistant private secretary $ 3,250 

Stenographer 1,800 

Five messengers $1,200 each 6,000 

Steward 1,000 

Two doorkeepers, $ i , 200 each 2, 400 

Two ushers, $1,200, $1,400 2,600 

Night usher 1,200 

Watchman 900 

Total $144,150 

WHAT ROYALTY COSTS. 

The queen $300,000 

Salaries of Household 656,500 

Expenses of household 862,500 

Ro>al bounty, etc 67,500 

Unappropriated 42,500 

$1,929,000 

Prince of Wales $200,000 

Princess ofWales 50,000 

Prince Albert Victor 50,000 



—73— 

Crown Princess of Russia $ 40,000 

Duke of Edinburgh 100,000 

Princess Christion, of Schleswig-Holsteiu- 30,000 

Princess Louise ( Marchioness of Lorne ) 30,000 

Duke of Connaught 200,000 

Duke of Albany 200,000 

Duke of Cambridge 30,000 

Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 15,000 

Duke of Cambridge 60,000 

Duchess of Teck-^ 25,000 

Total $2,884,000 



ANALYSIS OF THE VOTE FOR PRESIDENT 
IN 1884. 

The following is an analysis of the popular vote for 
president in 1884: 

Northern democratic vote — 3,194,832 

Southern democratic vote 1,716,143 

Northern republican vote 3,589,056 

Southern republican vote 1,225,960 

Republican vote in republican states 2,599,331 

Republican vote in democratic states 2,246,091 

Democratic vote in democratic states 2,719,098 

Democratic vote in republican states 2,191,777 

St. John vote in republican states 99,261 

St, John vote in democratic states 52,548 

Butler vote in republican states 93,3^7 

Butler vote in democratic states 40,500 



—74— 

NOTABLE BRIDGES OF THE WORLD. 

Sublican bridge, at Rome, oldest wooden bridge; 
built in the seventh century. Trice rebuilt, but ruins 
only remain. 

The bridge at Burton, over the Trent; once the long- 
est bridge in England; 1,545 feet. 

The old London bridge was the first stone bridge. 
Commenced in 11 76, completed in 1209. 

The bridge of the Holy Trinity, Florence, built 1569; 
marble; 322 feet long. 

The bridge of Sighs, at Venice, over which con- 
demned prisoners passed to execution, was built in 
1589. 

The Rialto, at Venice, a single marble arch, built 
from designs of Michael Angelo, 98^ feet long; com- 
pleted in 1 591. 

Coalbookdale bridge, in England, was the first cast- 
iron bridge. Built over the Severn in 1779. 

New London bridge, granite, from designs by L. 
Rennier. Commenced in 1824, completed in seven 
years; cost $7,291,000. 

The Britannia bridge, over the Menai Strait, Wales, 
103 feet above high water. Wrought iron, 151 1 feet 
long, finished in 1850. Cost $3,008,000. 

The Niagara suspension bridge was built by Robe- 
ling, in 1852-1855. Cost $400,000; 445 feet above 
water, 1,268 feet long, estimated 1,200 tons. 

Havre de Grace bridge, over the Susquehanna, in 
Pennsylvania, 3,271 feet long. 

Brooklyn bridge was commenced in 1870 and finished 
in 1883, ^y J. Robeling; 2,475 feet long, 135 feet high. 



—75— 

The Canti-Lever bridge was built in 1884, over the 
Niagara; steel. Length, 910 feet; total weight, 3,000 
tons; cost was $222,000. 

Bush street bridge, Chicago, Illinois, was built in 
1884, cost $13,000; the largest general traffic draw- 
bridge m the world. Will accommodate four teams 
abreast, and its foot passages are seven feet wide in the 
clear. Swung by steam power and lighted bv electric 
light. 

Cincinnati suspension bridge, over the Ohio River, 
2,200 feet long. 

Trajans stone bridge over the Danube River is 4,770 
feet long. 

Highbridge over the Harlem, is built of stone, and 
is 1,460 feet long. 

Victoria tubular bridge over the St. Lawrence at 
Montreal, is 9,144 feet long. 

Louisville truss bridge over the Ohio River at Louis- 
ville, is 5,218 feet long. 

St. Louis steel bridge over the Mississippi at St. 
Louis, 2,045 feet long. 



-76- 



FOREIGN NATIONS AND THEIR RULERS. 



COUNTRIES. 



CAPITALS. 



FORM OF 
GOV'T. 



PRESENT HEAD. 



China 

British Empire 

Russian Empire 

France and colonies 

United States 

German Empire 

Austro-Hung. Emp- 

Japan 

Holland and Col's— 

Turkish Empire 

Italy 

Spain and Colonies 

Brazil 

Mexico 

Congo State 

Persia 

Portugal and Col's— 

Egypt 

Sweden and Norway 

Morocco 

Belgium 

Siam — 

Roumania 

Columbia 

Afghanistan 

Argentine Republic- 
Madagascar 

Abyssinia 

Saxony 

Peru 

Switzerland 

Bolivia 

Bokhara 

Venezuela 

Chili 

Denmark 

Bulgaria 

Greece _.- 

Wurtemburg 

Servia 

Oman 

Guatemala 

Ecuador 

Tripoli 

Transvaal 

Salvador 

Uruguay 

Paraguay 

Honduras __ 



Pekin 

lyondon 

St. Petersburg- 
Paris 

Washington 

Berlin 

Vienna 

Tokio 

The Hague 

Constantinople- 
Rome 

Madrid 

Rio de Janerio-- 

Mexico 

St. Salvador 

Teheran 

Lisbon 

Cairo 

Stockholm 

Fez 

Brussells 

Bangkok 

Bucharest 

Bogota 

Cabul 

Buenos Ayres 

Antananasivor _ 



Dresden 

lyima 

Berne 

LaPaz 

Samarcaud 

Caracas 

Santiago 

Copenhagen 

Sofia 

Athens 

Stuttgart 

Belgrave 

Muscat 

New Guatemala- 
Quito 

Tripoli 

Pretoria ^ 

San Salvador 

Montfcvidio 

Assumption 

Tegucigalpa 



Abs. Desp, 
lyim. Mon. 
Abs. Mon— 
Republic _. 
Republic — 
lyim Mon. 
Lim. Mon. 
Ivim Mon 
lyim. Mon- 
Abs. Mon— 
lyim. Mon. 
Lim. Mon. 
L,im. Mon. 
Republic — 
Free State- 
Abs. Desp- 
L,im. Mon- 
Abs. Mon-. 
Lim. Mon. 
Abs. Desp- 
Lim. Mon. 
Abs. Desp. 
Lim. Mon. 
Republic -. 
Abs. Desp. 
Republic — 
Abs. Desp 
Abs. Desp- 
Lim. Mon. 
Republic — 
Republic -. 
Republic -. 
Abs. Desp. 
Republic — 
Republic — 
Lim. Mon 
Lim. Mon. 
Lim. Mon. 
Lim. Mon 
Lim. Mou- 
Abs. Mon_. 
Republic -. 
Republic — 
Abs. Mon— 
Republic _. 
Republic -. 
Republic -- 
Republic _. 
Republic __ 



Kuan§ Su 

Victoria 

Alexander III — 

F. Jules Grevy 

Grover Cleveland 

William II 

Frances Joseph I 

Mutsuheto 

William III 

Abdul Haraed II- 

Humbert 

Marie Mercedes- 

Pedro II 

Porferio Diaz 

Leopold 

Nasscved Deen— _ 

Louis 

Moham'd Teyfik. 

Oscar II 

Mulai Hassan 

Leopold II 

Khulalonkorn 

Charles I 

Rafad Nunez 

Abdur'hm'n Khan 

Jules A. Roca 

Ronavalo III 

Johanes II 

Albert 



Adolph Dueches 
Narceso Compero 



Joaquin Crespo— 
Dora. Sante Maria 

Christian IX 

Alexander 

George I 

Charles 

Milan 

Leyyed Forrkee-- 

M. L. Barellas 

J. M. P. Coamons- 

Ahmed Rassim 

Kruger 

Fr. Menendez 

Maxemo Santos— 
Gen. Caballero--. 
Louiz Bograr 



Emp. 

Queen. 

Emp. 

Pres't. 

Pres't. 

Emp. 

Emp. 

Emp. 

King. 

Sultan. 

King. 

Queen. 

Emp. 

Pres't. 

Sovr'u. 

Shah. 

King. 

Khedive. 

King. 

Sultan. 

King. 

King. 

Prince. 

Pres't. 

Amir. 

Pres't. 

Queen. 

Sultan. 

King. 

Pres't. 

Pres't 

Pres't. 

Khan. 

Pres't. 

Pres't. 

King. 

Prince. 

King. 

King. 

King. 

Sultan. 

Pres't. 

Pres't. 

Gov. Gen 

Pres't. 

Pres't. 

Pres't. 

Pres't. 

Pres't. 



■77— 



FOREIGN NATIONS AND THEIR RULERS. 

(Continued.) 



COUNTRIES. 

Nicaragua 

Domenica 

Montenegro 

Costa Rica 

Orange Free State 

Hayti 

Hawaii 



ICAPITALS. 

Managua 

San Domingo- 

Cetigno 

San Jose 

Bloetnfoutein _ 
Port.au Prince 
Honolula 



FORM ov 

gov't. 



PRESENT HEAD. 



TITLE. 



Republic - 
Republic - 
Abs. Mon.. 
Republic _. 
Republic _. 
Republic _. 
lyim Mon- 



Aden Cardenas— Pres't. 

Gen. Bellini Pres't. 

Nicholas Prince. 

Bermado Soto Pres't. 

J. H. Brand iPres't. 

Gen. Solomon Pres't. 

David Kalakaua— iKing. 



IMPORTANT HISTORICAL FACTS. 

There are 2,754 languages in the world. 

Envelopes were first used in 1839. 

Telescopes were invented in 1590. 

The first steel pen was made in 1830. 

Matches were first constructed in 1476. 

The first iron steamship was built in 1830. 

The first lucifer match was made in 1829. 

Coaches were first made in England in 1569. 

The first newspaper was published in England in 
1588. 

The national colors of the United States were 
adopted by Congress in 1777. 



QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING IN EACH 
STATE OF THE UNION. 



Voters Must be Males, 21 Years 
Old, and 



Previous Res. Required. 



State. Countyj Prec't. 



Alabama [Citizens, or have declared intentions 



Arkansas iCitizens, or have declared intentiansii 



California lActual citizens 



Colorado 

Connecticut 
Delaware .- 
Floridal— _*- 
Georgia — 



Citizens, or have declared intentionsj6 

Actual citizens n 

Actual county tax-payers 11 

Citizens, or have declared intentions i 
Actual citizens .. i 



year-|3 mo— 
year_|6 nio— 
year-j90 days 
mo— _j 

year-;6 mo 



Illinois i Actual citizens- 
Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

I^ouisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Mississippi 

Missouri 



Citizens, or have declared intentions 



Actual citizens 

Citizens, or have declared intentions 

Free white male citizens 

Citizens, or have declared intentions 

Actual citizens 

Actual citizens 

Citizens 

Actual citizens 

Citizens, or have declared intentions 

Michigan [Citizens, or have declared intentions 

Minnesota jCitizens, or have declared intentions^ 

Nebraska 'citizens, or have declared intentionsi6 

Nevada jCitizens, or have declared intentionsj6 

New Hampshire' Actual citizens . 

New Jersey Actual citizens |i 

New York Actual citizens ji 

North Carolina-- Actual citizens i 

Ohio Actual citizens i 

Citizens, or have declared intentions 6 

Actual citizens i 

Actual tax-paying citizens i 



year- 
year- 
year- 
year- 

mo 

mo _. 
mo-__ 
years 
year- 
mo 

year, 
year- 
mo— - 



I mo 

6 mo — 
6 mo — 
90 days 
60 da3's 
60 days 



2 years 
6 mo— _ 



6 mo- 



y ear- 60 days 
mo 



I mo — 

I mo 

30 days 



6 mo— 



30 days 
30 days 
10 days 
30 days 
60 days 
30 days 



6 mo- 



i 10 days 

mo— _j 1 10 days 

mo 

mo 



Oregon 

Pennsylvania -. 
Rhode Island --- 
South Carolina - 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia- 
Wisconsin ICitizens, or have declared intentions 



Actual citizens 

Actual citizens 

Citizens, or have declared intentions 

Actual citizens 

Actual citizens 

Actual citizens 



year 
year 
year 
year 

mo— I 

year-j 

year- 1 

year_j6 mo 
year- 6 mo 
year- 16 mo 
year 



30 days 

|6 mo 

5 mo — 

4 mo— 30 days 
90 days 



year 
year-|6o days 
vear-l 



2 mo— 
6 mo-— 



6 mo— 



3 mo- 



Women are entitled to full suffrage in Utah, Wash- 
ington and Wyoming Territories. They can vote at 
school elections in Massachusetts and a few other states. 



Registration. ^In California, Connecticut, Illinois^ 
Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Hamp- 
shire, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia and Wiscon- 
sin, registration is required by law. In Colorado, Flor- 
ida, Maryland, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, 
Pennsylvania and South Carolina, registration is aeon* 
stitutional requirement. 

In Kansas and Missouri registration is .required in 
cities only; in Ohio, in the cities of Cincinnati and 
Cleveland only; and in New York and New Jersey, in 
cities of 10,000 inhabitants and upwards. In Ala- 
bama, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louis- 
iana and Tennessee no registration is required ; and in 
Arkansas, Texas and West Virginia it \^ prohibited by 
the state constitution. 



—80- 



SALARIES OF U. S. OFFICERS PER ANNUM- 

PRESIDENT, VICE-PRESIDENT AND CABINET. 

President, $50,000; Vice-President, $8,000; Cabinet officers, $8,000 each, U. S. 

Senators, $5,000 each, with mileage; Members of Congress, $5,000 each, with 

mileage; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, $10,500; Associate Justices, $10,000; 

Justices of Circuit Courts, $6,000. 

AMERICAN MINISTERS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 



Country. 


Capital. 


Ministers. 


Salary. 


Argentine Republic— 

Austria-Hungary 

Brazil 


Buenos Ayres 

Vienna 

Rio Janeiro 


Bayless W. Hanna 

Alexander R. lyawton— 

Thomas J. Jarvis 

William R. Roberts 

Charles Denby 


$ 8,500 
12,000 
12,000 


Chili - 






China 


Pekin 

Bogota 


12,000 




Dabney H. Maury 

Robert M. McLane 

George H. Pendleton — 

Edward Phillips 

John B. Stallo 


10,000 






German Empire 


Berlin 


17.500 


London 

Rome - 


Italy 


12,000 




Yeddo 


Richard B. Hubbard 

Edward S. Bragg 

Charles W. Buck 

George V. N. Lothrop __ 

Jabez I^. McCurry 

Oscar S Straus 


12,000 


Mexico 


Mexico 


12,000 






10,000 






17,000 
12,000 


Spain 


Madrid 


Turkey 


Constantinople 


j'> 000 







MINISTERS RESIDENT. 



Country. 



Capital. 



Ministers. 



Salary. 



Belgium 

Bolivia 

Corea 

Denmark 

Greece 

Hawaiian Islands 

Hayti 

I^iberia 

The Netherlands 

Paraguay 

Persia 

Portugal 

Santo Domingo 

Siam 

Sweden and Norway- 
Switzerland ■Berne—. 

Venezuela iCaracas. 



Brussels 

Iva Paz ^^ 

Se6ul 

Copenhagen 

Athens^ 

Honolulu 

Port an Prince 

Monrovia «. 

The Hague 

Montevideo 

Teheran 

Lisbon 

Santo Domingo 

Bangkok' 

Stockholm 



Lambert Tree 

S. S. Carlisle 

Hugh A. Dinsmore 

Rasmus B. Anderson _ 

Walker Fearn 

George W. Meriill 

John E. Thompson ___ 

Ezekiel E. Smith 

Isaac Bell, Jr 

John E. Bacon 

E. Spencer Pratt 

E. P. C. Lewis 

John E. W. Thompson 

Jacob F. Child 

Rufus Magee? 

Bcyd Winchester 

Charles S. Scott 



7-500 
7.500 
7,500 
7,500 
7.500 
7,500. 
7,500 
4,000 
7,500 
7,500 
7,500 
7,500 
7.500 
7,500 
7.500 
7,500 
7.500 



-^81 



POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VOTE FOR PRES 
IDENTS. 



Candidates. 



Popular 
Vote. 



o 



Andrew Jackson.. 

John Q> Adams 

W. H. Crawford- _- 

Henry Clay 

Andrew Jackson _. 

John Q. Adams 

Andrew Jackson.- 

Henry Clay 

John FloyS 

William Wirt 

Martin Van Bureu 
W. H. Harrison ... 
Hugh L.White-.. 
Daniel Webster ... 

W. P. Mangum 

Martin Van Buren 
W. H. Harrison — . 

J. G, Birney 

James K. Polk 

Henry Clay ^- _ 

James G. Birney __ 

Zachary Taylor 

Lewis Cass 



1852 
1852 
1852 
1836 
1856 
I856 
I860 
1 860 
i860 
I860 
1864 
1864 

inm 

1868 
1872 

"1872 
1872 
IS72 
1876 
1'876 



Franklin Pierce 

Winfield Scott- 

John P. Hale 

James Buchanan 

Johti Cv Fremont 

Millard Filmore ;. 

Abraham Lincoln 

Stephen A. DouglaS— . 
John C. Breckenridge- 

JohnBell 

Abraham Lincoln 

George B. McClellan .. 

U. S. Grant — 

Horatio Seymour 

U. S. Grant-. 

Horace Greeley 

Charles O'Conor 

James Black 

R. B. Hayes 

Samuel J. Til den . 



Democrat 

Federal 

Republican! 

Republican -i ^^- 

Democrat, 

Federal 

Democrat 

National Republican- 
Whig 

Whig 

Democrat 

Whig 

Whig 

Whig ..... 

Whig 

Democrat .. 

Whig 

Liberty 

Democrat.- 

Whig 

Liberty 

Whig ....... 

Democrat 

Free Soil 

Democrat — - — — _ 

Whig 

Free Soil ^ 

Democrat ^- 

Republican 

American —. 

Republican 

Democrat 

Democrat 

Union 

Republican 

Democrat 

Republican 

Democrat 

Republican 

Liberal and Democrat- 
Democrat 

Temperance 

Republican 

Democrat 



152*872 
105,321 
44,282 
46,587 
647,231 
509,097 
687,502 
530>i89 



761,549 
736,656 

,128,702 
,275>oi7 
7,059 
.337.243 
,299,068 
62,300 
,360,101 
,i2o>544 

291,263 
,601,474 
,386,578 

156,149 
,838,169 
,341,262 

874,534 
,866,352 
,375,157 
845,763 
589,581 
,216,067 
,808,275 
,015,071 
,709,613 
,597,070 
,834,079 
29,408 
5,608 
,033.950 
,284,885 



VOTES 



—82— 
FOR PRESIDENTS. 

(Continued.) 



>^ 
1876 
1876 
1880 
1880 
1880 
1884 
1884 
1884 
1884 



Candidates. 



Popular 
Vote. 



o 



Peter Cooper 

G. C. Smith 

James A. Garfield 

Winfield S. Hancock. 

James B. Weaver 

Grover Cleveland 

James G. Blaine 

Benj. F. Butler 

John P. St. John 



Greenback - 
Prohibition 
Republican 
Democrat- _- 
Greenback . 
Democrat- -- 
Republican 
Greenback . 
Prohibition 



»i,740 

9>522 

4,449.053 

4.422,035 

307,306 

4,911,017 

4,848,334 

133,825 

151,809 



214 
155 



219 

182 



WARS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

STATKMRNT OF THE NUMBER OF U. S. TROOPS ENGAGED. 



Dates. 



From. 



Troops Engaged. 






War of the Revolution 

Estimated additional 

Northwestern Indian war 

War with France 

War with Tripoli 

Northwest'rn Indian wars 

General Harrison 

Creek Indian war 

War of 1812 

Seminole Indian war 

Black Hawk Indian war__ 

Cherokee disturbance 

Creek Indian war 

Florida Indian war 

Aroostook disturbance 

War with Mexico 

Apache, Navajo, Utah war 

Comanche Indian war 

Seminole Indian war 

Civil war 



April 19, 1775 



ApAl II, 1783 



Sept. 19 
July 9. I 
June 10, 

Sept. II 
July 27. 
June 18, 
Nov. 20, 
April 21, 

1836 

Mays, I 
Dec. 23, 
1838. _-.. 



, 1790 
798 .._ 
1801. 

, 1811 
1813- 

l8l2_ 

1817- 
, 1831 



836- 
1835 



April 24, 

1849 

1854. _-__ 
1856 



1846 



Aug. 3, 1795 
Sept. 30, 1800 
June 4, 1805- 

Nov. II, 181 1 
Aug. 9, i8i4_. 
Feb. 17, 1815 
Oct 21, 1818-. 
Sept. 31, 1832 

1837 

Sept. 30, 1837 
Aug. 14, 1843- 

1839 

July 4, 1848 — 

1855 

1854 

1858 

1865 



130,711 



250 

600 

85,000 

1,000 

1.339 



935 
,169 



30,954 
1,500 



58,750 
105,330 



660 

13.181 

471,662 

6,911 

5,126 

9,494 

12,483 

29,953 

1,500 

73.776 

1,061 

503 

2,627 



309,791 
8,933 
4.593 
3,339 

910 

13,781 

576,622 

7,9" 

6,465 

9,494 

13,483 

41,000 

1,500 

112,230 

2,561 

503 

2,627 

2859123 



The total number of troops on 
600,000. 



the Confederate .side during the war was 



-83- 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION 



American. 



Forces engaged 



Am. British. 



1775. 
April 19. 
June 17— 
Dec. 31- 

1776. 
June 28— 
Aug. 27_. 
Oct. 2S-_- 

Nov. 16— 
Dec. 26.— 

1777. 
Jan. 3__. 
April 27- 
July 7___ 
Aug. 6— 
Aug. 6— 
Aug. 16— 
Aug. 16. _ 
Sept. II — 
Sept. 19— 
Sept. 20— 

Oct. 4 

Oct. 6 

Oct. 6 

Oct. 7 

Oct. 22- — 

Oct. 3— 
Nov i6_- 

1778. 
June 28-- 
July 3— 
Aug. 29— 
Dec. 29-- 

1779. 
Jan.9 — 
Feb. 14— 
March 3. 
June 29__ 
July 15- 
July 19- 
Aug. 13- 
Aug. 29— 
Sept. 23- 
Oct. 9 

1780. 
April 14. 
May 12 — 
May 29 -_ 



Lexington--- 
Bunker Hill- 
Quebec 



Smith V 

Howe V 

Carleton v^ 



Fort Moultrie—. 

Long Island 

White Plains— 
Ft. Washington. 
Trenton 



I Parker _ 
Howe V- 
Leslie V- 
Howe V- 
Rahl 



Princeton 

Ridgefield 

Hubbardton 

Oriskany 

Ft. Schuyler 

Bennington, ist_ 
I " 2d- 

Brandywine' 

Bemis Heights— 

Paoli 

Germantown 

Fort Clinton 

Ft. Montgomery 

Saratoga 

Fort Mercer 

Fort Mifflin 

Fort Mifflin 



Monmouth 

Wyoming 

Rhode Island 
Savannah 



Sunbury 

Kettle Greek 

Briar Creek 

Stono Ferry 

Stony Point 

Paulns Hook 

Penobscot 

Chemung 

Flamboro Head- 
Savannah 



Monks Corner- 
Charleston 

Waxham 



Mawhood 

Tyron v 

Fraser v — - 

St. Leger rf 

Johnson 

Baum 

Breyman 

Howe V 

Burgoyne 

Grey v 

Howe V 

Sir H. Clintan v. 
Sir H. Clinton v. 

Burgoyne 

Donop 

Howe 

Howe 



Clinton 

John Butler v^ 

Pigot 

Campbell v ___ 



Prevost V — 

Boyd 

Prevost V — 
Maitland v- 
Johnson __ _ 
Sutherland - 
Mclycan z/— 

Brant 

Pearson 

Prevost 



Tarleton v^ 
Clinton v — 
Tarleton v- 



Parker 

Prescott 

Montgomery - 

Moultrie v—- 

Putnam 

McDougall — 

Magaw 

Washington v 

Washington v 
Arnold — _ — 

Warner 

Herkimer 

Willett V 

Stark V 

Warner %> 

Washington _ 

Gates V 

Wayne 

Washington _ 
James Clinton 
Gov. Clinton _ 

Gates V 

Greene V 

Smith V 

Thayer- 

Washington v 

Z. Butler 

Sullivan v 

Robert Howe- 
Lane 

Pickens V 

Ashe 

Lincoln 

Wayne V 

Leeu 

Lovell 

Sullivan v 

Paul Jones U— 
Lincoln 

Hager 

Lincoln 

Buford 



1,500 
900 


1,700 
3,200 
1,200 


400 
5.000 
I, €00 


4,000 

20,000 

200 


3,000 


5,000 


2,400 


1,000 


3,000 


1,800 


500 
700 

1,000 
1,000 
2,000 


1,500 
1,200 
1,500 
1,500 
1,200 


2,000 


1,200 


11,000 


18,000 


2,500 
1,500 
11,000 

600 
600 


3,000 
3,000 
15,000 
3,000 
3,000 


8,000 
450 
400 
400 


4,500 

2,000 

Mixed 

Mixed 


12,000 


11,000 


400 
5,000 


1,100 
5,000 


900 


2,500 


200 


2,000 


300 
1,200 

800 
1,200 


1,800 

1,200 

600 


350 

900 

4,000 

Squ'd'n 

4,500 


250 

3,000 

1,500 

2vess'ls 

2,900 


300 

3,700 

400 


600 

9,000 

700 



—84— 
PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. 

(Continued.) 



Names. 



British, 



American. 



Forces engaged 



Am. British. 



June 23__ 
July 30 — 
Aug. 6 — 
Aug. i6__ 
Aug. 18— 
Oct. 7 

Nov. 12— 

Nov. 20 

1781. 
Jan. 17— 
March 15 
April 25— 
June i8-_ 
Sept. 6— 

Sept. 8 

Oct. i9-__ 



Springfield 

Rocky Mount — 
Hanging Rock __ 
Saunders Creek- 
Fishing Creek — 
King's Mountain 
Fishdam Ford— 
Blackstock 



Cowpens 

Guilford C. H 

Hobkirk's HilL 

Ninety-six 

Fort Gri.swold— 
Kutaw Springs- 
Yorktown 



Knyphausen . 
Turnbull v—. 

Brown 

Cornwallis _.. 

Tarleton v 

P'erguson 

Merayss 

Tarleton 



Tarleton 

Cornwallis v 

Rawden v 

Cruger v 

Eyre v 

Stuart d 

Cornwallis _. 



Greene V— 

Sumter 

Sumter V— 

Gates 

Sumter 

Campbell V- 
Sumter i)___ 
Sumter V— 



Morgan v 

Greene-. 

Greene 

Greene 

Ledyard 

Greene 

Washington V- 



3,000 
600 
600 

3.000 
100 
900 
500 
500 

900 
4,400 

T,200 
1,000 

2,000 
16,000 



5,000 
500 
500 

2,200 

1,100 

400 

1,000 

2,400 

90a 

800 
2,860 
7.500 



V indicates the successful party; D, the doubtful. 

PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR WITH 
MEXICO. 



1846. 

May 8— _ 

May9 

Sept. 24— 
Dec. 25— 

1847. 
Feb. 23— 
Feb. 28__ 
March 27 
April 18— 

Aug. 20— 

Sept. 8.- 
Sept 13— 
Oct. 8 



BATTLES. 



COMMANDERS. 



American. 



Mexican. 



Forces Engaged 



Am. Mexican 



Palo Alto 

Resaca de la Palms 

Monterey 

Bracito 



Buena Vista 

Sacramento 

Vera Cruz 

Cerro Gordo 

Contreras 

Cherubusco 

Molino del Rey. 
Chapultepec — _ 
'Huamantla 



Taylor v 

Taylor v 

Taylor v 

Doniphan u-. 



Taylor v 

Doniphan v 

Scott V 

Scott V - 

Scott V 

Scott V 

Worth V 

Scott V 

I^ane v 



Aresta 

Aresta 

Aiupudia 

Ponce de L,eon 

Santa Anna 

Frias 

Morales 

Santa Anna_ — 

Valencia 

Santa Anna- — 

Santa Anna 

Santa Anna-— 
Santa Anna 



2,800 

2,200 

6,600 

500 

4,700 
900 
12,000 
8.500 
4,000 
8,000 
3,500! 
7,2001 
500 1 



6,coo 

5,000 

10,000 

1,000 

17,000 

4,00a 

6,000 

12,000 

7,-^00 

25,000 

14.COO 

25,0 o 

I,OCO 



The Americans were successful in every battle. 



-85- 



PRINCIPAL LAND BATTLES OF THE SECOND 
WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



1812. 

Aug. 5 — 
Aug. 9___ 
Oct. 13- — 

1813. 
- Jan. 22 — 
April 27— 
May 5— 
May29___ 
Aug. 2--_ 
Oct. 5— - 
Nov. ii__ 

1814. 
March 13 

July 5 

July 25 — 
Aug. 15- 
Aug. 24— 
Sept. II— 
Sept. i2-_ 
Sept. 13— 
Sept. 15— 
Sept. 17— 
Dec. 23. ._ 

1815. 
Jan. 8 



COMMANDERS. 



American. 



British. 



Forces Engaged 
Am. British 



Brownstown 

Maguga 

Queenstown 



Frenchtown 

York 

Fort Meigs 

Sackett's Harbor 
Ft. Stephenson— 

Thames 

Chrysler's Field- 
La Colle Mill 

Chippewa 

Ivundy's Lane- 
Fort Erie 

Bladensburg 

Plattsburg 

North Pomt 

Fort McHenry— 

Fort Bowyer 

Fort Erie 

9 miles from N. O 

New Orleans 



Van Horne 

Miller v 

Van Rensselaer. 



Winchester- 
Pike V 

Clay V 

Brown v 

Croghan w_- 
Harrison z/— 
Boyd V 



Wilkinson--- 

Brown v 

Brown v 

Gaines v 

Winder 

Macomb v 

Strieker 

Armistead v^ 
Lawrence z*-- 

Brown v 

Jackson 



Jackson. 



Tecumseh v. 
Tecumseh — 
Brock V 



Proctor zj_ 

SheaflFe 

Proctor — 
Prevost — 

Proctor 

Proctor — 
Morrison _ 



Hancock V-^ 

Riall 

Drummond . 
Drummond . 

Ross Z7 

Prevost 

Brooke u 

Cochrane 

Nicholls 

Drummond 
Kean v 



Packenham . 



200 

600 

1,200 

800 
1,700 
1,200 
1,000 

160 
3,500 
1,200 

4,000 
1,900 
3,500 
2,500 
3,500 
3,000 
2.000 
1,000 
120 
2,500 
2,000 



600 

900 

2,500 

1,500 
1,500 
2,000 
1,000 
1,300 
2,000 
2,000 

2,COO 
2,100 
5,000 
5,000 
5,000 
14,000 
5,000 

i6Ships 

Mixed. 

3,500 

2,500 



6.000 12,000 



The V indicates the successful party. 



-86- 



PRINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF THE SEC- 
OND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



WHERE FOUGHT. 



VESSELS. 



COMMANDERS. 



i8i 
Aug. 



13— Off Newfoundland — 



Aug. i9-_ Off Massachusett.s 

Oct. iS—- Off North Carolina — 



Oct. 25- 
Dec. 29- 



1813. 
Feb. 24— Off Demerara 



I American Brig U. S- 

! British Frisrate Mticedoni 



-Near Canary Islands- 

i ^„ ^ , , Am. Frigate Constitution. 
-jOffSan Salvador 3^^^;^^^ Frigate Java 



June I — 

Aug. 14- 

Sept- 5 — 

Sept. 10— 

1814. 
March 28 



Massachusetts Bay 

British Channel 

Off Coast of Maine 

Lake E^ie 

Harbor of Valparaiso. 



American Frigate Essex Porter, v 

British Sloop Alert Laughrane. 

.^m. Frigate Constitution :Hull. V 

British Frigate Guerriere JDacres. 

American Sloop Wasp [Jones, v 

British Brig Frolic Whingates. 

Decatur, v 
Carden. 
Bainbridge, 
Lonibert. 

Lawrence. V 
Peake. 
Lawrence. 
Broke, v 
Allen. 
Maples. V 
Burrows V 
Blyth. 
Perry. v 
Barclay. 



American Sloop Hornet 

British Brig Peacock 

Am. Frigate Chesapeake 

British Frigate Shannon 

American Brig Argus 

British vSloop Pelican 

American Brig Enterprise.- 

British Brig Boxer 

Am. 9 vessels and 54 guns.— 
British 6 vessels and 63 guns . 



I 
April 29— [Off coast of Florida 

June 28— ' Near British Channel. 

Sept. I — jNear Africa 

Sept. II — (Lake Champlain 



Dec. 14— iBorgne 
1815. 

Off New Jersey 



'American Frigate Essex 1 Porter, 

{British Brig Phoebe jHillyar. v 



Jan. 15— 
Feb. 2o__ 

March 28 



American Sloop Peacock 

! British Brig Eperviev 

J American Sloop Wasp 

'British Sloop Reindeer 

t American Sloop Wasp 

j British Sloop Avon 

! Am. 14 vessels and 86 guns — 
JBrit. 17 vessels and 95 guns__- 

lAmerican, 5 gunboats 

jBritish, 40 barges 

'American Frigate President- 
I British Squadron 



Off Island of Madeira 



Off Brazil - 



I Am. Frigate Constitution 

jBritish .ship Cvane . 

iBritish ship Lcvante 

[American Sloop tloruft- 
"iBritish Brig Penguin , 



Warrington. 

Wales. 

Blakely. v 

Manners.! 

Blakely. V 

Arbuthnot. 

McDonough 

Downie. 

Jones. 

Lockyr. V 

Decatur 

Hayes, v 

vStewart. 

Falcon. 

Douglass. 

Riddle. 

Dickenson. 



The V indicates the successful party. 



• —87— 

GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES. 

A. D. 

86i Fern Islands (flscovered about this time by a Scan- 
dinavian vessel. 

871 Iceland discovered by some Norwegian chiefs, 
who were compelled to leave their native coun- 
try. According to some accounts, it had been vis- 
ited before this by a Scandinavian pirate, Naddodd. 

950 Greenland discovered by the Icelanders about 
this period. The first colony established there 
was destroyed by a pestilence in the 14th century, 
and by the accumulation of ice between Green- 
land and Iceland, all intercourse was cut off. 
1002 Winland dat Gode, (Good Wine Land) a part of 
America, was discovered by the Northmen, Eric 
and Beorn. 

1344 Madeira, the 'well-known wine-producing island, 
was discovered by Juan Gonzalez and Tristan 
Vaz, Portuguese. 

1345 Canary Isles discovered by some Genoese and 
Spanish seamen, having been known to the an- 
cients. 

1364 Guinea, the coast of, discovered by some seamen 
of Dieppie, about this period. 

1418 Porto Santo discovered by Vaz and Zarco, Portu- 
guese. 

1440-1445. Senegal River discovered by the Portu- 
guese. 

1446 Cape Verde discovered by Denis Fernandez, a 
Portuguese. 

1448 Azores Islands discovered by Gonzalio Velio, a 
Portuguese. 



-^8— 



1449 Cape Verde Islands discovered by Antonie de 
Noli, a Genoese, in the service of Portugal. 

1471 Island ofSt. Thomas, under tlie Equator, discov- 
ered. 

1484 Congo discovered by the Portuguese, under Diego 
Cam. 

Cape Bajador, or Nun, doubled for the first time 
]>y the Portuguese. 

i486 Cape of Good Hope discovired by Bartholomew 
Diaz. 

1492 Lucayos, or Bahama Islands, These were the 
first points of discovery by Columbus San Sal- 
vador, one of these islands, was the first disc ov- 
ered by this great navigator on the nth or 12th 
of October in this year. 

149*2 Cuba, Island of Hispaniola, or St. Domingo, dis- 
covered by Columbus in his first voyage. 

1493 Jamaica, St. Christopher's Dominica, discovered 
by Columbus in his second voyage. 

1497 Cape of Good Hope doubled by Vasco di Gama, 
and the passage to India discovered. 

1497 New FoundLmd discovered by John Cabot, who 
first called it Prima Vista and Baccalaos. 

1498 Continent of America discovered by Columbus. 
Malabar, coast of, discovered by Vasco di Gama. 

1498 Mozambique, island of, discovered by Vasco di 
Gama. 

1499 Guiana and Venezuela discovered by Ojeda and 
Amerigo Vespucci, under Portuguese flag. 

1501 Brazil carefully explored by Amerigo Vespucci. 



—89— 

1501 Labrador and river St. lyawrence discovered by 
Cortecal, who sailed from Lisbon on a voyage of 
discovery for the Portuguese. 

1502 Gulf of Mexico. Some of the shores of this 
gulf explored by Columbus on his last voyage. 
St. Helena, the island of, discovered by Jean de 
Nova, a Portuguese. 

1503 Canada visited by Thomas Aubert; known be- 
fore to the fishermen, who had been thrown 
there by a tempest. 

1506 Ceylon discovered by the Portuguese. Ceylon 
was known to the Romans in the time of Clau- 
dius. 

Madagascar, island of, discovered by Tristan da 
Cunha, and revisited by the Portuguese naviga- 
tor, Fernandez Pereira, in 1508. This island 
was first called St. Lawrence, having been dis- 
covered on the day of that saint. 

1508 Ascension Isle, discovered by Tristan da Cunha. 
Sumatra, island of, discovered by Siqueyra, a 
Portuguese. 

151 1 Sumatra more accurately exammed by the Por- 
tuguese. 

Molucca Isles discovered by the Portuguese. 
Sunda Isles discovered by Abrew, a Portuguese. 

1 51 2 Maldives. A Portuguese navigator, wrecked on 
these islands, found them in occasional posses- 
sion of the Arabians. 

Florida discovered by Ponce de Leon, a Spanish 
navigator. 

1513 Borneo and Java. The Portuguese became ac- 
quainted with these islands. 



—90— 

1513 South Sea. The great ocean was discovered 
this year from the mountains of Darian, by 
Francisco Nuguez de Balboa, and subsequently 
navigated by Magellan. The supposition of the 
new world being part of India now ceased. 

1 5 15 Peru discovered by Perez de la Rua. 

1516 Rio Janeiro discovered by Diaz de Soles. 
Rio de la Plata discovered by Diaz de Soles. 

1517 China, discovery of by sea, by Fernand Perez 
de Andrada. 

Bengal discovered by some Portuguese thrown 
on the coast by a tempest. 

15 18 Mexico discovered by the Spaniards; conquered 
by Cortez in 15 19. 

1 5 19 Magellan, strait of, passed by Magellan with a 
fleet of discovery fitted out by the emperor 
Charles V. The first voyage round the world 
was undertaken by this navigator, and his ves- 
sel performed the enterprise, although the com- 
mander perished. 

1520 Terra del Fuego discovered by Magellan. 

152 1 Ladrone Islands discovered by Magellan. 
Philippines. This archipelago was discovered 
by Magellan, who lost his life here in a skirmish. 

1524 New France. The first voyage of discovery by 
the French under Francis the First, one of whose 
ships, after reaching Florida, coasted along as 
far as 50 degrees north latitude, and gave to this 
part the name of New France. 
North America, traveled over from Florida to 
Newfoundland by Verrizona, a Florentine, in the 
service of France. 



91 

1525 New Holland discovered by the Portuguese about 
this time; this immense tract was for some time 
neglected by Europeans, but was visited by the 
Dutch at various periods from 16 19 to 1644. 

1527 New Guinea discovered by Sanvedra, a Spaniard, 
sent from Mexico by Cortez. 

1530 Guinea, the first voyage to, made by an English 
ship for elephants' teeth. 

1534 Canada visited by Cortier, of St. Malo; a settle- 
ment having previously been made in 1528 by 
Verrizzani, who took possession in the name of 
Francis I of France. 

1535 California discovered by Cortez. 

1537 Chili discovered by Diego de Almargo, one of 
the conquerors of Peru. 

1541 Labrador discovered by a French engineer, Al- 
phonse. 

India, the first English ship sailed to, for the 
purpose of attacking the Portuguese. 

1542 japan discovered by the Portuguese, Antonio de 
Meta and Antonio de Peyxoto, who were cast by 
a tempest on its coast. 

1545 Potosi, mines of, discovered by the Spaniards. 

1552 Spitzbergen observed by the English, but mis- 
taken for part of Greenland. Visited by Barentz, 
a Dutch navigator in search of a northeast pas- 
sage, in 1596. 

1553 White Sea. This sea, which had not been vis- 
ited since the time of Alfred, was now supposed 
to be discovered by Chancellor, the English nav- 
igator. 



—92— 

1553 Nova Zembla discovered by Willoughby, an Eng- 
lish seaman. 

1575 Solomon's Isles, discovered by Mendana, a Span- 
iard, sent by the Governor of Peru. 

1576 Frobisher's Strait discovered by the English nav- 
igator whose name it bears. 

Greenland further explored by Frobisher, who 
also penetrated farther between this country and 
Labrador. 

1577 New Albion discovered by Drake, who was the 
second to attempt a voyage round the world, 
which he performed in three years. 

1580 Siberia discovered by Yermak Timophelevitch, 
chief of the Cossacks. 

1587 Davis Strait discovered by the English naviga- 
tor whose name it bears, in his voyage for the 
discovery of a northwest passage. 

1594 Falkland Islands discovered by the English nav- 
igator. Sir John Hawkins. 

1596 Marquesas discovered by Mendana, a Spaniard, 
on his voyage from Peru to found a colony in 
the Solomon Isles. 

Solitary Island discovered by Mendana, on his 
voyage from Peru to Solomon Isles. 

1606 Archipelago del Espirito Santo discovered by 
Guirus, a Portuguese, sent from Peru. These 
islands are the cyclades of the Bougainville and 
the New Hebrides of Cook. 
Otaheite, supposed to be discovered by Guirus, 
who named it Segittaria. 

1607-1610 Hudson's Bay, discovered by the celebrated 
English navigator, Hudson, on his third voy- 



—93— 

i6oy age. Venturing to pass the winter in this bay, 
on his fourth voyage, he was, with four others, 
thrown by his sailors into a boat, and left to 
perish. 
Chesapeake Bay discovered by John Smith. 

1615 Straits of I,e Marie discovered, with the island 
of Staten on the east, by he Marie, a merchant 
of Amsterdam, and Shouten, a merchant of 
Horn. 

1616 Cape Horn doubled by I^e Maire and Schouten, 
Dutch navigators, who called it after the town 
ot which Schouten was a native. 

Van Dieman's I^and discovered by the Dutch. 
Baffin's Bay discovered by William Baffin, an 
Englishman. 

1636 Frozen Ocean. In this year the Russians dis- 
covered this ocean washing and bounding the" 
north of Asia. The first Russian ship sailed 
down the I^ena into this sea. 

1642 New Zealand, with the southern part of Van 
Dieman's Land, discovered by Taiman, a Dutch 
navigator. 

1654 Bourbon, isle of, occupied by the French. 

1673 Louisiana discovered by the French. Thiscoun- 
try received its name from La Salle, a French- 
man, who explored the Mississippi in 1682. 

1686 Easter Islands discovered by Roggeweiii, a Dutch 
navigator. 

1690 Kamtschatka, theprincipal settlement of the Rus- 
sians on the coast of Asi i, discovered by a Cos- 
sack chief, Morosko. This country was taken 
possession of by the Russians in 1697. 



-94— 

1692 Japan carefully visited by Kemfer, a German. 

1699 New Britain. This island, and the straits which 
separate it from New Guinea, discovered by Dam- 
pier. This enterprising seaman made a voyage 
round the world at the period of this discovery. 

171 1 Kurile Isles occupied by the Russians. The 
people of these islands, which are twenty-one in 
number, still pay tribute to Russia. They are 
principally volcanic. 

1728 Behring Strait explored and discovered by a 
Danish navigator in the service of Russia, whose 
name it bears. Behring thus established that 
the continents ofAsia and America are not united, 
but are distant from each other about forty miles. 

1728 Kamtschatka ascertained by Behring to be a pe- 
ninsula. 

1 741 Aleutian Isles, on the coast of North America, 
discovered by Behring. A more accurate survey 
ot these islands was made under the Russian gov- 
ernment, by Captains Billing and Sarytchef, from 
1 78 1 to 1798. 

1765 Duke of York's Islands discovered by Byron. 
Isle of Danger discovered by Byron. 

1767 Otaheite discovered by Wallis. 

1768 Cook's Strait discovered by Captain Cook on his 
voyage round the world, which occupied from 
1768 to 1771. 

1770 New South Wales discovered by Captain Cook. 
1772 Island of Desolation, the first land south of India, 

discovered by Kerguelen, and called by his name. 

Subsequently called the Island of Desolation by 

Captain Cook. 



—96— 

1774 New Caledonia discovered by Captain Cook on 
his second voyage, 1772-1775. 

1778 Icy Cape discovered by Captain Cook. 

Sandwich Islands discovered by Captain Cook 
in his t'hird voyage, which commenced in 1776. 
He lost his life in 1779. 

1797 Bass's Straits. Mr. Bass, surgeon of H. M. S. 
Reliance, penetrated as far as Western Port, in a 
small open boat, from Port Jackson, and was of 
opinion that a strait existed between New South 
Wales and Van Dieman's Land. In 1799 Lieut. 
Flinders circumnavigated Van Dieman's Land, 
and named the strait after Mr. Bass. 

1 804-1806 The Missouri explored to its source by 
Captains Lewis and Clarke, and the origin and 
source of the Columbia ascertained. 

1819 Barrows' Straits discovered by Lieut. Parry, who 
penetrated as far as Melville Island, in latitude 
74 degrees 26 minutes north, and longitude 113 
degrees 47 minutes west. 

New South Shetland discovered by Mr. Smith, 
of the brig William, bound to Valparaiso. 

1819-1822 North America, the northern limits of, de- 
tennined by Captain Franklin, from the mouth 
of Coppermine River to Cape Turnagain. 

1821 Asia, the northern limits of, determined by 
Baron Wrangle. 

1825-1826 North America. Franklin's second expe- 
dition, Jin which the coast between the mouths 
of the Coppermine and Mc.Kenzie rivers, and 
the coast from the mouth of the latter to 149 



—96— 

1825 degrees 30 minutes west longitude, wero dis- 
covered. 

1827 North America. In August of this year Capt. 
Beechey, in H. M. S. Blossom, discovered the 
coast from Icy Cape to Point Barrow, leaving 
about 140 miles of coast unexplored between 
this point and Point Beechy. Point Barrow is 
150 degrees 30 minutes west longitude. 

1829-1833 North America. Northwest passage; dis- 
coveries of Capt. Ross, October 18, 1833. 

1830 The Niger, termination of, discovered by Rich- 
ard and John Lander, November 18. 

1838 Arctic discoveries by Dease and Simpson. 

1849 Livingstone and friends trace the river Zoaga, 
Africa. 

1855 Livingstone discovers Victoria Falls, Africa. 

1856-1859 Du Chaillu explores equatorial Africa. 

1857 Captain Burton crosses equatorial Africa. 

1858 Captain Speake discovers Victoria Nyanza. 
1876 Cameron crosses the continent of Africa. 

British Arctic expedition within 1,000 miles of 
the North Pole. 

ADMIiMISTRATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 
FROM THE ADOPTION OF THE FED- 
ERAL CONSTITUTION. 

FIRST ADMINISTRATION. — 1 789 TO 1797- 

President, George Washington. 

Vice-President, John Adams. 

Secretaries of State, Thomas Jefferson, till January 
2, 1794; Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, till Decem- 
ber 10, 17951 Timothy Pickering, of Massachusetts. 



t 



—97— 

Secretaries of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton till 
February 3, 1795; Oliver Wolcot, of Connecticut. 

Secretaries of War, Ktnry Knox, of Massachusetts 
till January 2, 1795; Tirnothy Pickering till January 
27, 1796; James McHenr}-, of Maryland. 

Postmasters General, vSamuel Osgood, of Mas.sachu- 
setts, till November 7. 1794; Timothy Pickering, of 
Massachusetts, till February 25, 179.5; Joseph Haber- 
sham, of Georgia. 

Attorneys General, Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, 
till January 27, 1794; William Bradford, of Penn.syl- 
vania, till December 10, 1795; Charles Lee, of Virginia. 

No navy department. 

SECOND ADMINISTRATION. — 1 797 TO 1801. 

President, John Adams. 

Vice-President, Thomas Jefterson. 

Secretaries of State, Timothy Pickering, till May 13. 
1800; John Marshall, of Virginia. 

Secretaries of Treasur>% Oliver Wolcott till Decem- 
ber 31, 1800; Samuel Dexter, of Mas.sachu setts. 

Secretaries of War, James McHenry, till May 13, 
1800; Samuel Dexter, of Massachusetts, till February 
3, 1801; Rr>ger Griswold, of Connecticut. 

Secretaries of the Xavy, George Cabot, of Massa- 
chusetts, (^ deceased); Benjamine Stoddard, of Massa- 
chusetts, from May 12, 1798. 

Postmaster General, Joseph Habersham. 

Attorney General, Charles Lee. 



L 



—OS- 
THIRD ADMINISTRATION. — 1805 TO 1809. 

President, Thomas Jefferson. 

Vice-President, Aaron Burr, of New York, first term; 
Georg^e Clinton, of New York, second term. 

Secretaiy of State, James Madison, of Virginia. 

Secretaries of Treasury, Samuel Dexter, till Jan- 
uary 26, 1802; Albert Gallatin, of Pennsylvania. 

Secretary of War, Henry Dearborn, of Massachu- 
setts. 

Secretaries of the Navy, Benjamine Stoddard, till 
January 26, 1802; Robert Smith, of Maryland, till 
March 2, 1805; Jacob Crownshield, of Massachusetts. 

Postmasters General, Joseph Habersham, till Janu- 
ary 26, 1802, Gideon Granger, of Connecticut. 

Attorneys General, I^evi Lincoln, of Massachusetts, 
first term; Robert Smith, of Maryland, till January 17, 
1806; John Breckenridge, of Kentucky, till January 
20, 1807; Caesar A. Rodney, of Delaware. 

FOURTH ADMINISTRATION. — 1809 TO 1817. 

President, James Madison, of Virginia. 

Vice-Presidents, George Clinton, of New York, first 
term, died April 2, 1812; Elbridge Gerry, of New 
York, second term, died November 23, 18 13. 

Secretaries of State, Robert Smith, of Maryland, 
till April;2, 1811; James Monroe, of Virginia. 

Secretaries of Treasury, Albert Gallatin, of Massa- 
chusetts, till February 9, 1814; George Campbell, of 
Tennessee, till October 6, 1814; Alexander J. Dallas, 
of Pennsylvania. 



—99— 

Secretaries of War, William Eustis, of Massachu- 
setts, till January 13, 1813; John Armstrong, of New 
York, till September 27, 1814; James Monroe, of Vir- 
ginia, acting till March 3, 1815; William Crawford of 
Georgia. 

Secretaries of Navy, Paul Hamilton, of South Car- 
olina, till January 12, 1813; William Jones, of Penn- 
sylvania, till December 17, 18 14; Benjamin W. Crown- 
shield, of Massachusetts. 

Postmasters General, Gideon Granger, till March 17, 
1814; Return J. Meigs, of Ohio. 

Attorneys General, Caesar A. Rodney, of Connecti- 
cut, till December 11, 181 1 ; William Pickney, of Mary, 
land, till February 10, 1814; Richard Rush, of Penn- 
sylvania. 

FIFTH ADMINISTRATION. — 1817 TO 1825, 

President, James Monroe, of Virginia. 

Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York. 

Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, of Massa- 
chusetts. 

Secretary of Treasury, William H. Crawford, of 
Georgia. 

Secretaries of War, Isaac Shelby, of Kentucky, 
(declined); George Graham, of Virginia, from April 
7, 18 1 7, to October 8, 181 7; John C. Calhoun, of 
South Carolina, 

Secretaries of Navy, Benjamin W. Crownshield, of 
Massachusetts, continued till November 9, 1818; Smith 
Thompson, of New York, till September i, 1823; 
John Rodgers, of Massachusetts, till September 16, 
1823; Samuel L. Southard, of New Jersey. 



—100— 

Postmasters General, Return J. Meigs, of Connecti- 
cut, till June 26, 1823; Jolii^ McLean, of Ohio. 

Attorneys General, Richard Rush, till November 
13, 1817; William Wirt, of Virginia. 

SIXTH ADMINISTRATION. — 1825 ^^ 1829. 

President, John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. 

Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, of South Caro- 
lina. 

Secretary of State, Henry Clay, of Kentucky. 

Secretary of Treasury, Richard Rush, of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Secretaries of War, James Barbour, of Virginia, 
till May 26, 1828; Peter B. Porter, of New York. 

Secretary of Navy, Samuel L. Southard, of Con- 
necticut. 

Postmaster General, John McLean continued. 

At«torney General, William Wirt continued. 

SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION. — 1829 ^^^ 1837. 

President, Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. 

Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, first term (re- 
signed December 28, 1832), Martin Van Buren, of 
New York, second term. 

Secretary of State, Martin Van Buren, of New 
York, till May 24, 1831; Edward Livingstone, of 
Louisiana, till March 29, 1833; Ivouis McLane, of 
Delaware, till June 27, 1834; John Forsyth, of Geor- 
gia. 

Secretaries of Treasury, Samuel D.. Ingham, of 
Pennsylvania, till Augusts, 1831; Louis McLane, of 



—101— 

Delaware, till May 29, 1833; William J. Duane, of 
Pennsylvania, till September 3, 1833; Roger B. Taney, 
of Maryland (not confirmed); Ly-evi Woodbury, of New- 
Hampshire, from June 27, 1834, to March 4, 1837: 

.Secretaries of War, John H. Eaton, of Tennessee, 
till August I, 1831; I^ewis Cass, of Michigan. 

Secretaries of Navy, John Branch, of North Caro- 
lina, March 9, 1829, ^iH May 30, 1834; Malone Dick- 
erson, of New Jersey. 

Postmasters General (first recognized as members 
of the Cabinet), William T. Barry, of Kentucky, 
from March 9, 1829, till May i, 1835; Amos Kendall, 
of Kentucky, from i, 1835, to March 4, 1837. 

Attorneys General, John McP. Berrien, of Georgia, 
from March 9, 1829, ^^^^ J^^Y 20, 1831; Roger B. Ta- 
ney, of Maryland, from July 20, 1831, till March 4, 
1833; Benjamin F. Butler, of New York. 

EIGHTH ADMINISTRATION. — 1837 "^^ ^841. 

President, Martin Van Buren, of New York. 

Vice President, Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky. 

Secretary of State, John Forsyth, of Kentucky. 

Secretary of Treasury, Levi Woodbury, of Massa- 
chusetts. 

Secretary of War, Joel R. Poinsett, of South Caro- 
lina. 

Secretaries of Navy, Mahlon Dickerson, of New 
Jersey, from June 30, 1834, till June 25, 1838; James 
K. Paulding, of New York. 

Postmasters General, Amos Kendall, of Kentucky, 
till May 18, 1840; John M. Niles, of Connecticut, 
from May 25, 1840, till March 4, 1841. 



—102— 

Attorneys General, Benjamin F. Butler, of New 
York, till July 4, 1838; Felix Grundy, of Tennessee, 
from July 5, 1838, till January 10, 1840; Henry D. 
Gilpin, of Pennsylvania, from January 11, 1840, till 
March 4, 1841. 

NINTH Administration. — 1841 to 1845. 

President, William Henry Harrison, of Ohio; died 
4th of April, 1 84 1. 

Vice President, John Tyler, of Virginia (became 
President on the death of Harrison). 

Secretaries of State, Daniel Webster, of JMassachu- 
setts, from March 5, 1841, till May 9, 1843; Hugh S. 
Legare, of South Carolina (died June 20, 1843); Abel 
P. Upshur, of Virginia, from July 24, 1843, till Feb- 
ruary 28, 1844 (killed by the bursting of a cannon); 
John Nelson, of Maryland, acting till March 6, 1844; 
John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, from March 6, 
1844, till March 6, 1845. 

Secretaries of Treasury, Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, 
from March 5, 1841, till September 11, 1841; Walter 
Forward, of Pennsylvania, from September 13, 1841, 
till March i, 1843; Caleb Cushing, of Massachusetts, 
not confirmed ; John C. Spencer, of New York, from 
March 3, 1843, tiU June 5, 1844; George W. Bibb, of 
Kentucky, from June 15, 1844, till March 6, 1845. 

Secretaries of War, John Be'll, of Tennessee, from 
March 5, 1841, till September 11, 1841; John McLean, 
of Ohio, declined; John C. Spencer, of New York, 
from October 12, 1841, till March 8, 1843; James M. 
Porter, of Pennsylvania (not conrfimed); William 



—103— 

Williams, of Pennsylvania, from February 15, 1844, 
till June 15, 1844; George M. Bibb, of Massachusetts, 
from June 15, 1844, till March 6, 1845. 

Secretaries of Navy, George E. Badger, of North 
Carolina, from March 5, 1841, till September 11, 1841; 
Abel P. Upshur, of Virginia, from September 13, 1841, 
till July 24, 1843; Thomas W. Gilmore, of Virginia, 
from February 24, 1843, till February 28, 1844; John 
Y. Mason, of Virginia, from March 14, 1844, till March 
4, 1845. 

Postmasters General, Francis Granger, of New York, 
from March 6, 1841, till September 12, 1841; Charles 
A. WicklifTe, of Kentucky, from September 13, 1841, 
till March 6, 1845. 

Attorneys General, John C. Crittenden, of Ken- 
tucky, from March 5, 1841, till September 11, 1841; 
Hugh S. Legare from September 13, 1841, till July 
I, 1843; ]ohn Nelson from July i, 1843, ^^^^ March 6, 
1845. 

TENTH ADMINISTRATION — 1 845 TO 1 848. 

President, James K. Polk, of Tennessee. 

Vice-President, George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania. 

Secretary of State, James Buchanan, of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Secretary of Treasury, Robert J. Walker, of Mis- 
sissippi. 

Secretary of War, William L. Marcy, of New York. 

Secretaries of Navy, George Bancroft, of Massachu- 
setts, from March 10, 1845, ^^^^ September 9, 1846; 
John Y. Mason, of Virginia, from September 14, 
1846, till March 8, 1849. 



—104— 

Postmaster General, Cave Johnson, of Tennessee, 
from March 6, 1845, till March 8, 1849. 

Attorneys General, John Y. Mason, of Virginia, 
from March 6, 1845, ^i^^ October 17, 1846; Nathan 
Clifford, of Maine, from October 17 till June 21, 
1848; Isaac Toucy, of Connecticut, from June 21, 
1848, till March 8, 1849. 

ELEVENTH ADMINISTRATION. — 1849 ^^ ^853. 

President, Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana (died July 
9, 1850). 

Vice-President, Millard Filmore, of New York. 
Vice-President Millard Filmote, of New York, be- 
came President on the death of Taylor. 

Secretaries of State, John M. Clayton, of Delaware, 
from March 7, 1849, till July 10, 1850; Daniel Web- 
ster, of Massachusetts, from July 22, 1850, till Octo- 
ber 24, 1852; Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, from 
November 6, 1852, till March 7, 1853. 

Secretaries of Treasury, William M. Meredith, of 
Pennsylvania, from March 8, 1849, till July 10, 1850; 
Thomas Corwin, of Ohio, from July 23, 1850, till 
March 7, 1853. 

Secretaries of War, George W. Crawford, of Geor- 
gia, from March 8, 1849, till July 10, 1850; Charles 
M. Conrad, from August 15, 1850, till March i, 1853. 

Secretaries of Navv, William B. Preston, from 
March 8, 1849, till Tuly 22, 1850; William A. Gra- 
ham, of North Carolina, from July 22, 1850, till July 
22, 1852; John P. Kennedy, of Maryland, from July 
22, 1852, till March 7, 1853. 



—105— 

Secretaries of Interior (a new office), Thomas Ew- 
ing, of Ohio, from March 8, 1849, till July 10, 1850; 
James A. Pierce, of Maryland, from July 10, 1850, 
till August 15, 1850; T. McKennan, of Pennsylvania 
(died); Alex. H. H. Stuart, from September 12, 1850, 
till March 7, 1853. 

Postmasters General, Jacob Collamer, of Vermont, 
till July 10, 1850; Nathan K. Hall, of New York, 
from July 23, 1850, till August 31, 1852; Samuel D. 
Hubbard, of Connecticut. 

Attorneys General, Reverdy Johnson, of Maryland, 
till July 10, 1850; John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, 
from July 22 till March 7, 1853. 

TWELFTH ADMINISTRATION — 1853 TO 1857. 

President, Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire. 

Vice-President, William R. King, of Alabama 
(died April 18, 1853). 

Secretary of State, William Marcy, of New York. 

Secretary of Treasury, James Guthery, of Ken- 
tucky. 

Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi. 

Secretary of Navy, James C. Dobbin, of North 
Carolina. ' 

Secretary of Interior, Robert McClellan, of Mich- 
igan. 

Postmaster General, James Campbell, of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Attorney General, Caleb Cushing, of Massachu- 
setts, 



__106-- 

THIRTEENTH ADMINISTRATION — 1857 TO 1861. 

President, James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania. 

Vice-President, John C. Breckenridge, of Ken- 
tucky. 

Secretaries of State, Lewis Cass, of Michigan (re- 
signed December 14, i860); Jeremiah Black, of Penn- 
sylvania, from December 17, i860, till March 4, 1861. 

Secretaries of Treasury, Howell Cobb, of Georgia 
(resigned December 10, i860); Phil. H. Thomas, oi 
Maryland, from December 12, i860, till January 11, 
1861 (resigned); John A. Dix, of New York, from 
January 11, 1861, till March 7, 1861. 

Secretaries of War, John B. Floyd, of Virginia 
(resigned December 29, i860); Joseph Holt, of Ken- 
tucky, from January 18, 1861, till March 5, 1861. 

Secretary of Navy, Isaac Toucy, of Connecticut. 

Secretary of Interior, Jacob Thompson, of Missis- 
sippi ("resigned January 8, 1861). 

Postmasters General, Aaron V. Brown, of Tennes- 
see (died March 8, 1859); Joseph Holt, from March 
14, 1859, till February 12, 1861; Horatio King, of 
Maine, from February 12, 1861, till March 5, 1861. 

Attorneys General, Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsyl- 
vania, from March 6, 1857, till December 20, i860; 
Edwin M. Stanton, of Ohio, from December 20, i860, 
till March 5, 1861. 

FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH ADMINISTRATIONS — 
1 86 1 TO 1869. 

Presidents, Abraham Lincoln, assassinated April 15, 
1865; Andrew Johnson, on the death of Lincoln. 



— 107-- 

Vice-Presidents, Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, first 
term; Andrew Johnson, second term, unti^ April 15, 

1865. 

Secretary of State, William H. Seward, of Nev/ York. 

Secretaries of Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio, 
till June 30, 1864; William Pitt Fessenden, of Maine, 
from July i, 1864, till March 7, 1865; Hugh McCul- 
loch, of Indiana, from March 7, 1865, till March 11, 
1869. 

Secretaries of War, Simon Cameron, of Pennsylva- 
nia, from March 5, 1861, till January 15, 1862; Edwin 
M, Stanton, of Ohio, from January 15, 1862, suspen- 
ded August 12, 1867; General U. S. Grant (acting) 
till January 13, 1868; Edwin M. Stanton resigned May 
26, 1868; General J. M. Schofield, of Missouri, from 
May 28, 1868, till March 11, 1869. 

Secretary of Navy, Gideon Wells, of Connecticut. 

Secretaries of the Interior, Caleb B. vSmith, of Indi- 
ana, from March 5, 1861, till January 8, 1863; John P. 
Usher, of Indiana, from January 8, 1863, till April 15, 
1865; James Harlan, of Iowa, from May 15, 1865, till 
July 27, 1866; Orville H. Browning, of Illinois, from 
July 27, 1866, till March 6, 1869. 

Postmasters General, Montgomery Blair, of Mary- 
land, from March 5, 1861, till September 24, 1864; 
William Dennison, of Ohio, from September 24, 1864, 
till July 25, 1866; Alexander W. Randall, of Wiscon- 
sin, from July 25, 1866, till March 5, 1869. 

Attorneys General, Edward Bates, of Missouri, from 
March 5, 1861, till June 22, 1863; Titian J. Coffee, ad- 
interim, from June 22, 1863, till December 2, 1864; 
James Speed, of Kentucky, from December 2, 1864, 



—108— 

till July 23, 1866; Henry Stanbury, from July 23, 1866, 
till July 15, 1868; William M. Evarts, of New York, 
from July 15, 1868; till March 5, 1869. 

SIXTEENTH ADMINISTRATION — 1869 TO 1877. 

President, Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois. 

Vice-Presidents, Schuyler Colfax, first term; Henry 
Wilson, of Massachusetts, second term (died Novem- 
ber 22, 1875). 

Secretaries of State, E. B. Washburne, of Illinois, 
till March 11, 1869; Hamilton Fish, of New York, 
from March 11, 1869, till March 12, 1877. 

Secretaries of Treasury, Alex. T. Stewart, of New 
York (ineligible); George S. Boutwell, of Massachu- 
setts, from March 11, 1869, till March 17, 1873; Wm. 
A. Richardson, of Massachusetts, from March 17, 
1873, till June 4, 1874; Benjamin H. Bristow, of 
Kentucky, from June 4, 1874, till July 7, 1876; Lot 
M. Morrill, from July 7, 1876, till March 8, 1877. 

Secretaries of War, John A. Rollins, of Illinois 
(died September 6, 1869); William T. Sherman, of 
Ohio, from September 9, 1869, till October 25, 1869; 
William W. Belknap, of Iowa, from October 25, 1869, 
till March 8, 1876; Alphonso Taft, of Ohio, from 
March 8, 1876, till May 22, 1876; J. D. Cameron, of 
Pennsylvania, from May 22, 1876, till March 12, 1877. 

Secretaries of Navy, Adolph E. Borie, from March 
5, 1869, ti^^ June 25, 1869; George M. Robeson, of 
New Jersey, from June 25, 1869, till March 12, 1877. 

Secretaries of Interior, Jacob D. Cox, of Ohio, from 
March 5, 1869, till November i, 1870; Columbus De- 



—109— 

lano, of Ohio, from November i, 1870, till October 
19, 1875; Zachariah Chandler, of Michigan, from Oc- 
tober 19, 1875, till March 12, 1877. 

Postmasters General, J. A. J. Creswell, of Mary- 
land, from March 5, 1869, till July 7, 1874; James W. 
Marshall, of Connecticut, from July 7, 1874, till 
August 24, 1874 ; Marshall Jewell, of Connecticut, 
from August 24, 1874, till July 12, 1876; Thomas h. 
James, from July 12, 1876, till March 12, 1877. 

Attorneys General, E. R. Hoar, of Masssachusetts, 
till June 23, 1870; Amos T. Ackerman, of Georgia, 
from June 23, 1870, till December 14, 1871; George 
H. Williams, of Oregon, from December 14, 187 1, 
till April 26, 1875; ^ward Pierpont, of New York, 
from April 26, 1875, till May 22, 1876; Alphonso 
Taft, of Ohio, from May 23, 1876, till March 12, 1877. 

seve:nteenth administration — 1877 TO 188 1. 

President, Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio. 

Vice-President, William A. Wheeler, of New York. 

Secretary of State, William M. Evarts, of New 
York. 

Secretary of Treasury, John Sherman of Ohio, from 
March 8, 1877, till June 5, 1881. 

Secretaries of War, George W. McCrary, of Iowa, 
from March 12, 1877, ^^^^ December 10, 1879; Alex- 
ander Ramsey, from December 10, 1879, till March 5, 
1881. 

Secretary of Navy, Richard M. Thompson, of In- 
diana, from March 12, 1877, till January 6, 1881; 
Nathan Goff, Jr., from January 6, 1881, till March 5, 
1881. 



—no- 
Secretary of Interior, Carl Schurz, of Missouri. 
Postmasters General, David M. Key, of Tennessee, 
from March 12, 1877, till June 2^ 1880; Horace ?vlay- 
nard, from June 2, 1880, till March 5, i88[. 
Attorney General, Devens, of Massachusetts. 

EIGHTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. — 1881 TO 1885. 

President, James A. Garfield, of Ohio. 

Vice-President, Chester A. Arthur, of New York. 
Vice-President Chester A. Arthur, of New York, be- 
came President on the death of Garfield, assassinated 
September 20, 1881. 

Vice-Presidents /'r^' tern ^ of the Senate, Thomas F. 
Bayard, of Delaware, from October 10, 1881, till Octo- 
ber 13, 1881 ; David Davis, of Illinois, from October 13, 
1881, till March 3, 1883; George E. Edmunds, of Ver- 
mont, from March 3, 1883, till March 4, 1885. 

Secretaries of»State, James G. Blaine, of Maine, from 
March 5, 1881, till December 12, 18S1; T. F. Freiing- 
huysen, of New Jersev, from December 12, 1881, till 
March 6, 1885. 

Secretaries of Treasury, William Windom, of Min- 
nesota, from March 5, i88r, till October 27, 1881; 
Charles J. Folger, of New York, from October 27, 1881, 
till September 24, 1884; Walter Q. Gresham, of Indi- 
ana, from September 24, 1884, till October 28, 1884; 
Hugh McCulloch, from October 28, 1884, till March 
6, 1885. 

Secretary of War, Robert T. Lincoln, of Illinois. 

Secretaries of Navv, William H. Hunt, of Louisiana, 
from March q, 1^81, till April i, 1882; William E. 
Chandler, from April i, 1882, till IVIarch 6, 1885 



—Ill- 
Secretaries of Interior, Samuel J. Kirkwood, of Iowa, 
from March 5, 1881, till April 6, 1882; Henry M. 
Teller, of Colorado, from April 6, 1882, till March 6, 
1885. 

Postmasters General, Thomas L. James, of New 
York, from March 5, 1881, till December 20, 1881; 
Timothy O. Howe, oif Wisconsin, from December 20, 
1881, till April 3, 1883; Walter Q. Gresham, of Indi- 
ana, from April 3, 1883, till October 14, 1884; Frank 
Hatton, of Iowa. 

Attorney General, Wayne McVeigh, of Pennsyl- 
vania, from March 5, 1881, till December 19, 1881; 
Benjamin H. Brewster, of Pennsylvania. 

NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION — 1885. 

President, Grover Cleveland, of New York. 

Vice-President, Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana 
(died December 7, 1885). 

Secretary of State, Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware. 

Secretarv of Treasury, Daniel P. Manning, of New 
York. 

Secretary of War, Wm. Bndicott, of Massachusetts. 

Secretary of Navy, William C. Whitney, of New 
York. 

Secretary of Interior, Lucius Q. C. Lamar, of Mis- 
sissippi. 

Postmaster General, W. F. Vilas, of Wisconsin. 

Attorney General, Augustus H. Garland, of Ar- 
kansas. 



-112- 

NAVY YARDS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1. Brooklyn Navy Yard, Brooklyn, New York. 

2. Charlestown Navy Yard, Boston, Mass. 

3. Gosport Navy Yard, near Norfolk, Virginia. 

4. Kittery Navy Yard, opposite Portsmouth, N. H. 

5. League Island Navy Yard, seven miles below 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

6. Mare Island Navy Yard, near San Francisco. 

7. New London Naval Station (unfinished). 

8. Pensacola Navy Yard, Pensacola, Florida. 

9. Washington City Navy Yard, Washington, D. C. 



COLORED TROOPS IN U. 8. ARMY DURING 
THE WAR. 

NUMBER. 

Louisiana __ 24,052 

Kentucky 23,703 

Tennessee ___ 20,133 

Mississippi 17,869 

Maryland 8,718 

Pennsylvania 8,612 

Missouri 8,344 

Virginia 5,723 

Arkansas 5,526 

South Carolina 5,462 

Ohio 5,092 

North Carolina 5,035 

Alabama 4,969 

New York 4,125 

Massachusetts 3,966 

Georgia 3,486 



—US- 
District of Columbia 3,269 

Kansas 2,080 

Rhode Island 1^837 

Illinois i,8ir 

Connecticut Ij764 

Indiana 1 i)597 

Michigan ^i3^7 

Newjersey ' I5I85 

Florida — . 1,044 

Delaware 954 

At Large _ 733 

Iowa 440 

West Virginia 196 

Wisconsin 155 

New Hampshire 125 

Vermont 120 

Maine 104 

Minnesota 104 

Colorado 95 

Texas 47 

Officers 7,122 

Not accounted tor 5,083 

Total 186,017 

ENGLAND BEFORE THE CONQUEST. 

In the ancient times, nearly two thousand years ago, 
when Rome was a republic, England was a desolate 
waste of land, covered with swamps and forests. It 
was inhabited by a savage people, who dressed in the 
skins of beasts, and stained their bodies with colored 



—114— 

earths and juices of plants. They lived in huts rudely 
constructed of willow sticks and mud which were erected 
in little clusters here and there over the country. 
These clusters were called towns, and they were gen- 
erally situated upon small clearings in tracts of woody 
land, and were surrounded by a trench, and a low wall 
made of mud and the trunks of trees, which served for 
defense in time of war. These barbarians went by the 
name of Britons. They were divided into forty tribes-, 
each commanded by its own king; and these tribes 
were constantly at war with each other. They made 
swords of copper mixed with tin, and light shields, 
short, pointed daggers, and spears, with which weap- 
ons they always fought. They were very fond of horses, 
of which they made great use in battle, with their war 
chariots, for which they have ever been celebrated in 
history. 

The Britons had a strange and terrible religion, called 
the religion of the Druids. Most of its ceremonies 
were kept secret by the priests, who were called Druids. 
They sacrificed human beings on their altars and burned 
them in their huts. They met together in dark woods, 
and there instiucted in their mysterious arts young 
men who came to them as pupils. They built great 
temples and altars of huge stones, open to the sky, 
some of which are yet remaining. 



I 



UNDER THE ROMANS FROIVi BEFORE CHRIST 
TO A. D. 449. 

Such was the conditio:! of the ancient Britons fifty- 
five years before Christ, when the Romans, under their 



-115— 

great general, Julius Caesar, were masters of all the 
rest of the known world. Caesar had then just con- 
quered Gaul, and tempted by the rich pearls and tin 
mines, for which the island was famous, he came over 
with his ships and soldiers, and made the first con- 
quest of Briton. He soon, however, accepted propos- 
als of peace, and went away; but the next spring he 
retiirned from Italy, and laid waste the country in every 
direction. He again made peace, and went away with 
all his remaining ships and men. The Britons then 
had peace for nearly one hundred years. 

The Emperor Claudius came in the year A. D. 43, 
and conquered it over again, It was during this reign 
that Caractacus, a patriot Briton, made the first at- 
tempt to free his country from the Roman yoke. After 
a conflict of nine years, he was taken prisoner and car- 
ried to Rome; but his noble manner, dignified endur- 
ance of distress, so touched the Roman people, who 
thronged the streets to see liim, that he was released 
and restored to freedom. 

In the year 6r, during the reign of Nero, Sactonius 
Paulinus landed on the Island of Anglesea and de- 
stroyed the sacred groves and altars of the Druids, and 
burned them in their little mud houses. 

In the year 78 Julius Agracola took possession of the 
country, established the Roman power in Briton, 
founded the arts of peace, and made the people happy 
and civilized. He also delivered the Britons from the 
fierce incursions ofthe Pictsand Scots, and helped them 
to erect a great wall of separation across the island be- 
tween the Tyne and Solway. This, however, did not 
answer the purpose, and anotlier v\^all was built by 



—lie- 
Hadrian ill the year 138, between the Friths of Clyde 
and Forth. The Emperor Severas in leading an army 
against the northern barbarians in the year 207, found 
those earthen walls in a state of decay. He then erected 
a stone wall, which is known in history as the walls of 
Severus. The Romans remained masters of Briton 
for nearly four hundred years. 



ENGLAND UNDER THE SAXONS, A. D. 449, 
TO A. D. 827. 

No sooner had the Romans left Briton than the ma- 
rauding Scots poured in upon the defenseless Brit- 
ons, who, not knowing what better to do in their dis- 
tress, applied for assistance to the Saxons, a people of 
North Germany. The Saxons accordingly came across 
the channel, between six and seven thousand of them, 
under the command of two brothers, named Hengist 
and Horsa, in the year 449. They speedily routed the 
Scots, but rewarded themselves by taking possession of 
the country. They were followed by other German 
tribes; the Saxon tongue became the national language, 
and the native Britons fled to Wales, Cornwall, and 
the coast of France. 

After the death of Hengist iii^he year 488, the Sax- 
on's poured in upon Briton faster than ever, and it was 
in opposing these tribes that the famous Arthur, king 
of Briton, won his great renown. 

But the natives in turn were all overpowered or ex- 
pelled, and the land was divided into seven small 
kingdoms, each governed by a Saxon tyrant. This 



—117— 

period is called the Saxon Heptarchy. The kingdom 
of Kent was founded by Hengist in the year 457. 

The kingdom of South Saxony was founded by 
Ella in the year 490. 

The kingdom of West Saxony, or Wessex, was 
founded by Cerdic in the year 519. 

The kingdom of East Saxony was founded by Er- 
cenwin in the year 527. 

The kingdom of Northumbria was founded by Ida 
in the year 547. 

The kingdom of East Anglia was founded by Uffa 
in the year 575. 

The kingdom of Mercia was founded by Cridda in 
the year 582. 

Those seven kings did not at all times reign in per- 
fect harmony, but, on the contrary, distracted the 
country with perpetual warfare and quarreling. 

In the year 596 a monk named Augustine came 
over from Italy, with forty of his brethren, and con- 
verted the two powerful kings of Northumberland 
and Kent. 

A great church was built at Canterbury in the year 
604. Sebert, king of Essex, became a proselyte. 

The University of Cambridge was founded in the 
year 664. Soon after this, the whole ol Britain em- 
braced Christianity, and the ^even kingdoms were 
united into one by the conquests of Egbert of Wes- 
sex, receiving the collective name of England. 

Winchester was at that time the capital of the 
country. 



UNDER THE ANGLO-SAXONS, A. D. 827 TO 

1013 

Egbert began to reign A. D. 827, and died 836. 
Scarcely had peace been established in the kingdom 
when a horde of savage warriors, called Danes, who 
dwelt on the shores of the Baltic Sea, landed on the 
coasts, but was routed on the coast of Devon, and 
forced to fly back to their ships for safety, only to re- 
turn again about once a year. Egbert had a prosper- 
ous reign, only troubled by invaders. He was buried 
at Winchester. 

Ethel wolf, the eldest son of Egbert, began to reign 
A. D. 836, and died 857. The Danes made them- 
selves a terror to England. They plundered the 
country and carried off many of the inhabitants for 
slaves. 

In the year 851 the Danes burned the cities of Lon- 
don, Rochester and Canterbury. 

At length the Britons were roused to action, and 
defeated the Danes. The king was buried at Stey- 
ning, in Sussex. 

Ethelbald began to reign A. D. 857, and died 860. 
Ethel wolf left four sons,' Ethelbald, Ethelbert, Eth- 
elred and Alfred. He was succeeded by Ethelbald, 
whose reign was brief, unimportant and vicious. 

Ethelbert began to reign A. D. 860 and died 866. 
Ethelbald was succeeded by his brother, Ethelbert, 
who reigned six years. The Danes laid waste the 
whole country of Kent, and established themselves 
on the Isle of Thanet. 



—119— 

Ethelred began to reign A. D. 866, and died. 872. 
Ethelbert was succeeded by Ethelred, a brave soldier, 
whose reign was one long scene of valiant warfare 
with the Danes. He fought nine pitched battles in 
one year with the enemies of his country. He was 
assisted by his brother, Prince Alfred, afterwards illus- 
trious as King Alfred the Great. Prince Alfred was 
the first earl created in England. In this reign the 
invaders penetrated into Mercia and took up their 
winter quarters at Nottingham, whither the king in- 
stantly marched to dislodge them. A great battle 
ensued, in which Ethelred was killed, leaving Alfred 
the inheritance of a kingdom which had declined into 
an almost hopeless condition of weakness and dis- 
tress. 

Alfred the Great began to reign A. D. 872, and 
died 901. Alfred the Great was just twenty-two years 
old when he ascended the throne of England, and for 
the first eight years of his reign he was engaged in 
an uninterrupted and disastrous warfare with the 
Danes. They at one time made themselves masters 
of the kingdpm, so that Alfred was obliged to assume 
many humble disguises and hide himself in the woods 
and in the cottages of his peasant subjects. In Som- 
ersetshire he found friends and assistance, built a 
strong fort, assembled an army and once more took 
the field against the Danes. Assuming the disguise 
of a wandering harper, he then penetrated to the en- 
emy's camp, judged of the most favorable manner cf 
attack, brought his soldiers unexpectedly upon them, 
and achieved a great victory. Many years of peace 



—ISO- 
ensued. The king put in most of his time in im- 
proving his country and in trying to make his people 
happy. 

The king formed new laws; encouraged the cultiva- 
tion of the arts and sciences; established regular mili- 
tia; instructed the English in the art of navigation. 
He was the first monarch who made England a naval 
power. He was the hero of fifty-six battles. He es- 
tablished the system of trial by jury, and founded the 
University at Oxford. After twelve years of peace, 
the Danes again invaded the ooasts. They came under 
the command of Hastings, their sea king, with a fleet 
of three hundred and thirty-one ships, and landed on 
the coast of Kent, making Appledore their headquar- 
ters. The king defeated the Danes, and took the wife 
and family of Hastings prisoners; but the king, with 
his general moderation, restored them to the Danish 
chief, on condition that he and all his followers should 
leave the country. King Alfred was buried at Win- 
chester A. D. 901, and he has left behind him the 
most honorable reputation for learning, courage, wis- 
dom, and generosity, of any English sovereign. 

Edward the Elder, began to reign A. D. 901, and 
died 925. He was the second son of Alfred the Great, 
and succeeded his father to the crown. He invaded 
Wales and added to the endowments of the Cambridge 
University. He gradually extended his power over the 
whole of England, and so the seven kingdoms were 
finally united in one. The king died leaving a large 
family. 

Athelston began to reign A. D. 925, and died 941. 
King Athelston had not been many years established 



—121— 

on his father's throne when a great league was formed 
against him by the Danes, Scots, and other nations. 
They were defeated and six of the kings, his enemies, 
were slain. This monarch caused the Bible to be 
translated into the Saxon language, and presented a 
copy to every church throughout the kingdom. The 
king was buried at Malmesbury, Wilts. 

Edmund I began to reign A. D. 941, and died 947. 
King Athelston was followed by his brother Edmund, 
a youth of eighteen years of age, whose first act was to 
subdue the Danes gathered together under the com- 
mand of Anlap. He was killed by a robber. 

King Edred succeeded his brother. King Edmund, 
and began to reign A. D. 947^ and died 955. King 
Edred built Glastonbury Abbey, and was entirely ruled 
by the abbot, Dunstan. Dunstan was in fact, the vir- 
tual king of England. King Edred was buried at Win- 
chester. 

Edway succeeded his uncle to the throne of Eng- 
land, and began to reign 955 and died 959. He was 
very profligate and careless. He married the Princess 
Elgiva, a lady of great beauty, but of near relationship 
to himself. Dunstan succeeded in uniting the priest- 
hood against him on the account of his marriage. The 
king was compelled to divorce his wife, and she was 
murdered by barbarous cruelty by her enemies. The 
king died of grief. 

Edgar, surnamed Peaceable, next ascended the 
throne. He was elected, and consequently governed 
by the Monks. He built many monasteries, and in- 
creased the navy to three hundred and sixty ships. 



—122— 

The king caused his barge to be rowed by eight prin- 
ces along the River Dee. 

Bdward II began to reign A. D. 975, and died 979. 
This unfortunate monarch, commonly called the Mar- 
tyr, whose reign promised to be happy and judicious, 
was stabbed by order of his step-mother, Elfrida, while 
drinking a cup of wine at the gate of Corfre Castle, in 
Dorsetshire. He was succeeded by his half-brother, 
Ethelred, the son of Elfrida. 

Ethelred II began the reign A. D. 978, and died 
1016. In this reign the Danes again flocked to the 
coasts, and the king was weak enough to buy them off 
with a money tribute. He to pay the debt levied a tax 
on his subjects. This was the first tax known to be 
levied in the history of the country. Soon this did not 
satisfy them, and the king formed a cowardly plan to 
massacre all the Danes in the kingdom, instead of meet- 
ing them in fair battle. This disgraceful slaughter 
took place on the 13th of November, A. D. 1002, and 
was revenged by a great invasion of the enemy. They 
sailed for Denmark under the command of Sweyn, their 
king, who after a protracted struggle of eleven years, 
put Ethelred to flight, and ascended the English throne 
A. D. 1013. 

ENGLAND UNDER THE DANES, A. D. 1013 
TO 1041. 

Sweyn began to reign A. D. 1013, and died inioi3. 
Canute began to reign in 1013 and died in 1036. 
Sweyne died suddenly in a little more than a month 
after he was proclaimed king of England. The Danes 



—123— 

declared Canute, his son, king, but Bthelred returned 
and attempted to reign. 

A war immediately ensued, which lasted three 
years, when Bthelred died. The English people 
then declared Edmund, surnamed Ironside, son of 
Ethelred II, king; but he and Canute made peace by 
dividing the kingdom between them. Before Ethel- 
red had reigned one year over his portion, he was 
murdered at Oxford, and Canute, who was at that 
time, A. D. 1017, the most powerful monarch in 
England, became- sole king. Having not only con- 
quered England, but the countries of Norway and 
Sweden, he called himself king of England, Den- 
mark, Norway and Sweden. He banished the chil- 
dren of Ethelred, but married Emma, their mother. 
The king was buried at Shaftsbury. 

Harold began to reign A. D. 1036 and died in 1039 
at Oxford. Harold, surnamed Harefoot, from the 
swiftness with which he ran, was the son of Canute 
by his first wife. 

Hardicanute began to reign A. D. 1039 and died in 
1041. Harold was succeeded by his weak and wicked 
half brother, Hardicanute. He died from intemper- 
ance, after a short reign of two years. He was the 
last representative of the Danish line. 



ENGLAND UNDER THE SAXONS, A. D. 1041 
TO 1066. 

Edward the Confessor began to reign 1041 and died 
1066. A Saxon, known as Edward the Confessor, 
was next chosen. This monarch was famous for his 



—124— 

piety, and married Editha, daughter to Earl Godwin. 
Having been educated abroad in the court of Nor- 
mandy, the king had but little affection for the cus- 
toms of his own country. He showed marked prefer- 
ence for all French laws and habits. He repealed the 
tax law called Donegelt^ and he was the first king 
who touched for the disease known as the king's 
evil. The king rebuilt Westminster Abbey, and at 
his death, January 5, 1066, was canonized as a saint 
by the Roman Catholic Church. 

Harold H began to reign and died A, D. 1066. 
Harold, son of Earl Godwin, was then elected king 
by the council of the states, but was destined to find 
a powerful opponent in Duke William of Normandy. 
This warlike and ambitious prince of France claimed 
the crown; and, gathering around his standard all the 
recruits he could muster, landed with sixty thousand 
men upon the coast of Sussex, and defeated the Eng- 
lish in a great battle on October 14, 1066. This bat- 
tle was rendered still more famous by the death of 
Harold, and famous to all as the battle of Hastings. 
Thus ended the Saxon period, which had subsisted 
with various fortune in England for upwards of six 
hundred years. 

SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. 

NORMANS. 

William I 1066-1087 

William H 1087-1100 

Henry I 110Q-1135 

Stephen _-- 1135-1154 



—125— 

HOUSE OF PI.ANTAGANKT. 

Henry II 1154-1189 

Richard I 1189-1199 

John 1199-1216 

Henry III 1216-1272 

Edward I 1272-1307 

Edward II 1307-1327 

Edward III 1327-1377 

Richard II i377-i399 

HOUSE OF I.ANCASTER AND YORK. 

Henry IV 1399-1413 

Henry V 1413-1422 

Henry VI 1422-1461 

Edward IV ' 1461-1483 

Edward V« 1483-1483 

Richard III 1483-1485 

HOUSE OF TUDOR. 

Henry VII 1485-1509 

Henry VIII 1509-1547 

Edward VI i547-i553 

Mary i553-i558 

Elizabeth 1558-1603 

HOUSE OF STEWART. 

James I 1603-1625 

Charles I 1625-1649 

(The Commonwealth) 

Charles II 1660-1685 

James II 1685-1689 



126- 



HOUSES OF STUART AND NASSAU. 

William III 1689-1702 

Mary II 1689-1694 

Anne 1702-1714 

HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 

George I 1714-1727 

George II 1727-1760 

George III 1760-1820 

George IV 1820-1830 

William IV 1830-1837 

Victoria 1837 



-127- 



ANCIENT BATTLES BEFORE CHRIST. 

(Those marked s were naval). 



Battles. 



Victors. 



Vanquished. 



Atticum 5 

Mgatns s 

^gospotanios 

Albia 

Arabella 

Asculuni 

Beneventum _. 

Cannse 

Carrhae 

Carthage 

Caudine Forks 

Charonea 

Clusseum 

Cranon 

Coronea 

Coronea 

Cremesus 

Cunoxa 

Cazzicus 

Drepanutn .s_— 
Burymedon .y— 

Gaza 

Granicus 

Halys 

Ipsiis 

Issus 

lycuctra 

Magnesia 

Montenea 

Montenea 

Marathon 

Metaurus 

Maylae ^ 

Parormus 

Pharsolea' 

Philippi; 

Platea 

Salanius s\ 

Salosia 

Sentenum 

Thapsus 

Thebes 

Thermopylae- - 
Thrasymenes . 

Ticenus 

Torone 

Volci 

Zama 

Zela 



Octavius 

Romans 

lyacadsemonians 

Gauls 

Alexandei 

Pyrrhus 

Romans 

Hannibal 

Parthians' 

Romans 

Samnites 

Phillip 

Romans 

Antipater 

Boeatians 

Agesilans 

Timelion 

Artaxerxes 

Alcibiades 

Carthagenians 

Greeks 

Ptolemy 

Alexander 

Medes and I^ydeans 

Seleucus 

Alexander 

Thebans 

Scipio 

Spartans 

Thebes' 

Greeks 

Nero 

Romans 

Metellus 

Csesar 

Octavius and Antony __ 

Greeks 

Greeks 

Macedonians 

Romans 

Caesar 

Alexander 

Leonidas 

Hannibal 

Hannibal 

Athenians 

Athenians 

Scipio 

Csesar 



Antony 

Carthagenians 

Atheiaian fleet 

Romans 

Darius 

Romans 

Pyrrhus 

Romans 

Crassus 

Carthagenians 

Romans 

Athenians 

Gauls 

Greeks 

Athenians 

Athenians 

Carthagenians 

Cyrus (killed) 

Spartans 

Romans 

Cimon 

Demetrius 

Darius 

Stopped by an eclipse. 

Antigonus 

Darius " 

Spartans 

Antiochus 

Athenians 

Epamenondas (killed) 

Persians 

Hasdrabal 

Carthagenians; 

Hasdrubal 

Pompey 

Brutus and Cassius 

Pausanius 

Persians 

Spartans 

Samnites 

Pompey 

Thebans 

Xerxes 

Romans 

Romans 

Spartans^ 

Romans 

Hannibal 

Pharnaces 



-128- 



ENGLISH, IRISH AND SCOTCH BATTLES, A. D. 

ROMAN INVASION. 



Victors. 



Vanquished. 



Shropshire 
Sunbury __. 



I Romans Caractacus . 

Romans Boadicea — 



BRITONS A^JD SAXONS. 



Battles. 


Victors. 


Vanquished. 


i 

Q 




Britons 

Heugist 

Oswy . ^ 




455 


Crayford 


Britons' 


Ivceds 


Penda 







DANISH INVASION. 



Battles. 



Victors, 

Britons \ 

Edward] 

Danes 

Brain Boriohme 

Alfred 

Kgbert 

Danes 



Vanquished 

Danes 

Danes 

Ethelwolf 

Danes 

Danes 

Danes 

Alfred 



P_ 
871 

905 
840 
1014 
878 
835 
872 



Ashdown ., 

Bury 

Channouth 

Clontarf [(Ireland) 

Ktheardou 

Hengestdown 

Wilton 





NORMAN INVASION. 




Battles. 


Victors. 


Vanquished. 


Q 


Hastings 


William Harold 


T066 


SCOTTISH INVASION. 


Battles. 


Victors. 


Vanquished. 


Q 


Alnwich 


Britons 


Malcora ('killed ) 

Macbeth ( killed ) _-_.... 

Marv TVTav ii 


1093 
1056 
^658 
1332 


Dunsinane 


Britons 


I,angside 


Earl Murray 


Dupplen 


Edward Baliol 


Mar, August 11 



-129- 



ENGI^ISH AND SCOTCH. 



Battles. 


VICTORS. 


VANCiUISHED. 


V 






English 

English 


I3H 




Wallace _ __ 


1297 


Falkirk 


EDSfli''h* 


Wallace 


T2l8 


Flodden 


English' 


Scots 


1515 


Halledon 


Edward III 


Scots 


1333 




English' 


Scots — — 


inH 








T^8H 


Solway Moss , 


English 


Scots 


1542 


BETWEEN THE KINGS AND NOBLES. 


Battles. 


Victors. 


Vanquished. 










1264 


Lincoln 

Ifincoln 

Shrew.sbury 

Borougbriclge 


Earl Gloucester 

English 

Henry IV 

Edward II 


Stephen 


1 141 


French and Barons; 

Percey and Nobles 

Barons 


1217 
1403 
1322 


BATTLES OF THE WAR OF THE ROSES. 


Battles. 


Victors. 


Vanquished. 


Q 


St. Albans 

Bloreheath ___! 

Northampton 

Wakefield 


Yorkists 1^ 

Yorkists , 




1455 




;:g 






Yorkists 


m6o 


St Albans 


Lancasterians - 


Yorkists ^ 

Lancasterians 


14^1 




Yorkists 


1464 


Tewksbury 


1 Yorkists 


! Lancasterians 


1I471 


CIVIL WAR— CROMWELL. 


Battles. 


Victors. 


Vanquished. 


1 


Worcester 

Edgehill 

Chalgrove 

Branham Moor 

Landsdown 


jRupert 

I Issue doubtful 

jSkirmish 

1 Royalists 

Royalists 


i , September 23 

October 28 

Hampden, killed June 18 

Fairfax, March 29 

, July 5 

Rupert, July 26 

Charles I, June 14 

Koyali.sts, Aug. 17 

September 12 

Scots, September 3 


11642 
!i642 

;i643 
1643 
1643 


Marston Moor 


Cromwell 

Cromwell 


;l644 

164 ■> 




1648 


Drogheda ( Ireland ) 

Dunbar, Scotland 

Worcester .,. 


Cromwell 


■1649 


Cromwell 

Cromwell 


1650 
1661 







■130- 



WAR WITH SCOTCH COVENANTEJRS. 



Battles. 


Victors. 


Vanquished. 




Drumclog- _. 


Scots 


Clavehouse Tune i 


1679 
1679 


Bothwell Brigg 


Monmouth 


Covenanters, June 



WIIylylAM OF ORANGE. 



I 



Battles. 


Victors. 


Vanquished. 


V 


Killiecrancle _ 


Highlanders 

William 


William, July 27 

James II, July 30 


1689 
1689 

1690 

I69I 


Newtoa Butler _ __ _ 




William , 

Rno-li<;h 


Avighrim 


Trii^h Tiilv t5 . 





SCOTCH REBElvIylON. 



Battles. 


Victors. 


Vanquished. 




Preston Pans __ . _ _ 


vScotch _ 


English, September i___ 

Scotch, December 18 

English, January 17 


1745 
1745 
1746 
1746 


Clifton Moor 

Falkirk 


English ^ 

Scotch 


Culloden __ 








vj».wi^ii, ^Hiii xu — 



IRISH REBEIyl^ION. 



Battles. 



Victors. 



Vanquished. 



Q 

1798 
1798 
1798 
1798 
1798 
1798 
1798 
1798 
1798 



Kelculen 

Noas 

Tara 

Oulart 

Gorey 

Aiklow 

Balljmohinch 
Vinegar Hill. 
Ballinamuck . 



English, May 23- 

Irish, May 24 

Irish, May 26 



Irish 

English 

English 

Irish I English, May 27. 

Irish English, June 4. 

English [Irish, June 10 

English {Irish, June 13 

English jlrish, June 21 

English I Irish, September 



—131— 

THE REIGN OF GEORGE III, OF THE HOUSE 
OF BRUNSWICK. 

1. George III. This great monarch ascended the 
throne of England fifteen years before the Revolution- 
ary war and died five years after the close of the war of 
1812. He ascended the throne of England at a period 
when her arms abroad and the progress of her wealth 
and civilization at home had rendered the position of 
the monarch one of the most enviable and illustrious 
in the whole world. The first remarkable event in 
this reign was the declaration of war between England 
and Spain, in 1762. Altogether this was one of the 
most glorious wars ever carried on in any age by any 
people. In the course of seven years were won twelve 
great battles by land and sea. Twenty-five islands, 
nine fortified cities and forty forts and castles were 
taken; a hundred ships of war were captured, and more 
than $60,000,000 were acquired as plunder. France 
and Spain at length became anxious to terminate a 
war which had been so disastrous to them, and a gen- 
eral treaty of peace was concluded at Paris on the i6th 
of February, 1763. 

2. Soon after the peace of Paris, serious troubles 
arose between Great Britain and her North American 
colonies. England had incurred an immense debt by 
the late war with France, and parliament determined 
that, as the war had been waged chiefly on account of 
the colonies, the colonies should bear their share of the 
expenses. They accordingly resorted to means of tax- 
ation. In 1765 the stamp act was passed. By this act, 
all business papers and certificates, as well as newspa- 
pers, required a stamp similar to that already used in 



— 132— • 

Great Britain. The passage of this act roused the col- 
onies to resistance, and a colonial congress was called, 
which met on the 7th of October, 1765. They pub- 
lished a "Declaration of Rights and lyiberties," on the 
19th of the same month, in which they denied the 
right of parliament to impose taxes upon the colonies 
without their own consent, given personally or by their 
representatives. 

3. In 1766 the stamp act was repealed, but in the 
following year an act was passed by parliament impos- 
ing a duty upon tea and other imports into the colo- 
nies. The passage of this act led to still more deter- 
mined resistance on the part of the colonies, and the 
tea sent from England was thrown overboard by an en- 
raged populace in Boston, and either destroyed or sent 
back in other places. 

4. To enforce commercial rule of England her 
fleet upon the American coast was turned into a rev- 
enue squadron, and a standing army was sent out to 
enforce obedience. Still the colonies would not yield 
and a war was inevitable. On the morning of the 
19th of April, 1775, a force of eight hundred Eng- 
lish troops was sent from Boston to Concord to seize 
some military stores. A battle ensued at Lexington, 
in which the English lost, during their retreat, 273 
soldiers, and the Americans lost less than 100. The 
battle of Bunker Hill followed on the 17th of June, 
1775, in which the Americans were compelled to re- 
treat for want of ammunition, after a valiant resist- 
ance, in which the advance of the enemy was twice 
repulsed. The Americans lost 450 men in killed and 
wounded, and the English more than twice that num- 



—133— 

ber. The news of this battle spread through the col- 
onies, exciting the most determined resistance, and 
on the 4th of July, 1776, the Continental Congress 
assembled at Philadelphia declared the colonies to be 
"free and independent states." 

5. Gen. Washington was appointed commander- 
in-chief of the American forces, raised and to be 
raised, and the war in America was prosecuted with 
great vigor. In 1778 France formed a treaty with 
America, and in 1779 Spain acknowledged her inde- 
pendence. Thus war was provoked by these two 
powers, and in 1781 a third enemy was found in the 
Dutch. During this year England was carrying on 
at one time, by sea and land, four great contests — 
namely, with America, France, Spain and Holland. 
In America a few towns only on the seaboard had 
been taken, but the interior was untenable, if not un- 
conquerable. Thousands of troops, hundreds of ves- 
sels, millions of treasure had all been lost, and still 
the Americans would not yield. The war was vir- 
tually ended however, in the month of October, 1781, 
by the surrender cf Yorktown by Lord Cornwallis to 
Gen. George Washington; and in 1783 a treaty of 
peace was made, acknowledging the independence of 
the "United States of America." Peace was also 
made with France and Spain, and in 1784 with Hol- 
land, and also between the East India Company and 
the Rajah of Mysore. 

6. A terrible revolution took place in France in 
the memorable year 1789, which, though it did not 
directly affect the interests of the British throne, was 
destined ultimately to extend an unparalled influence 



—134— 

over the destinies of Europe. The populace rose, de- 
stroyed the Bastile, deposed and imprisoned King 
lyouis XVI, and declared France a republic. After 
many excesses, during which the European powers 
stood by as inactive spectators, the French Jacobins 
guillotined the king, queen and certain members of 
the royal family, A. D. 1793, whereupon a great con- 
federacy was established between England, Spain, 
Holland and the Empires of Germany and Russia, 
to restore the crown of France. Valenciennes was 
taken; Toulon v/as taken and lost again; many 
French settlements in the West Indies were captured 
(A. D. 1794); the island of Corsica was subdued, and 
the Cape of Good Hope and Trincomalee, in Ceylon, 
were added to the possessions of Great Britain. 

7. And now the most extraordinary man of mod- 
ern history, the greatest conqueror of any age since Ju- 
lius Caesar, the finest soldier that ever won French 
laurels, began to distinguish himself against the Aus- 
trians (A. D. 1795), and to pave the way for the mag- 
nificent reputation which, as Napoleon the Great, he 
afterwards acquired. Before his arms the Germans 
were forced to sue for peace, and the English viceroy 
was compelled to evacuate Corsica. The year 1797 
saw the mutinies of Spithed and Nore, the disgrace of 
which was, however, compensated by the splendid vic- 
tories of Cape St. Vincent and Camperdown, won by 
Admirals Sir John Jervis and Duncan. These brave 
commanders were each rewarded by a peerage. 

8. The highly merited fame of these two great vic- 
tories was, nevertheless, excelled by the battle of the 
Nile (A. D. 1798), in which Nelson asserted his place 



I 



—135— 

as the first naval commander of the day; cut through 
the center of the French fleet, dispersed, captured and 
destroyed thirteen of the enemy's ships, and was rec- 
ompensed with the title of Baron Nelson of the Nile, 
and a pension of $15,000 per annum. In the mean- 
time Napoleon Bonaparte was rapidly taking the lead 
in all the most important affairs of the French Repub- 
lic. To him was intrusted the command of a power- 
ful army in Egypt; but finding the English so victori- 
ous upon the Nile, he hastened back to Paris, and was 
created first consul in 1779. In the beginning of 1800 
he crossed the Alps at the head of his army, and by 
the brilliant victory of Marengo June 14, 1800, he an- 
nihilated for a time the Austrian power in Italy. 

9. The union of Great Britain with Ireland was 
fixed by act of parliament, passed on the 21st of 
April, 1800, to commence from the first day of the 
new century, January i, 1801. The imperial parlia- 
ment of the United Kingdom was summoned to meet 
on the 2 2d of the same month. This measure met 
with much opposition from the Irish. 

10. In the year 1801 Napoleon Bonaparte suc- 
ceeded in fomenting a war between England, Den- 
mark, and a powerful fleet, under Lord Nelson, and 
Sir H. Parker was accordingly dispatched to the 
bombardment of Copenhagen. The Danes had made 
formidable preparations, and fought valiantly during 
a strife of four hours, when, having lost all their ships 
of the line and their floating batteries, they were 
compelled to capitulate. Shortly after this, the 
French were routed in Egypt by Sir Ralph Abercrom- 
bie and Major General Hutchinson, where the battles 



—136— 

of Aboukir and Alexandria were won, in the former 
of which the brave Abercrombie met his death wound. 

11. While Great Britain was thus extending her 
triumphs abroad, in 1802 she was threatened by Na- 
poleon Bonaparte with an invasion at home. For this 
purpose he had prepared a flotilla of flat-bottomed 
boats, and other vessels, for the conveyance of his 
troops. Alarmed by these movements on the part of 
the enemy, the government assembled a squadron, 
under I^ord Nelson, for the defense of the coast. The 
invasion was never attempted; a treaty was entered 
upon by the English, French, Spanish and Dutch 
powers, and on the 29th of April, 1802, peace was 
proclaimed in London. This interval was destined 
not to be of long duration, and war was again pro- 
claimed, April 29, 1803. 

12. Not content with the title of first consul, 
Napoleon constituted himself emperor of France in 
the year 1804, and was crowned king of Italy in 1805. 
In consequence of these proceedings an alliance was 
now formed between England, Russia, Austria and 
Sweden. But Napoleon was victorious at Austerlitz, 
where he signally defeated the Austrian forces, and 
Russia was compelled to retreat. Fortunately, the 
share borne by England was sufficiently victorious to 
counterbalance these disasters. October 21, 1805, was 
fought the famous battle of Trafalgar, in which I^ord 
Nelson, defeated the united fleets of France and Spain 
and expired just as the conquest was assured. The 
following year, 1806, records the death of the two 
most famous statesmen of that epoch, namely, Wm. 
Pitt and Charles James Fox. 



—137— 

13. Napoleon was now the greatest monarch of Eu- 
rope. Emperor of France, King of Italy, Protector ot 
Bavaria and Wirtemburg, he dominated over every 
other government excepting those of England and 
Spain. Two of his brothers filled the thrones of Hol- 
land and Naples; Denmark was in his service; Prussia 
at his mercy; Russia had just concluded a peace which 
was entirely to his advantage, and Austria enjoyed but 
the shadow of a power which was really vested in his 
hands. Had he then been prudent, all might have 
been well; but he resolved to seize upon Spain like- 
wise, and from this attempt may the beginning of his 
ruin date. 

14. Having taken Ferdinand of Spain prisoner by 
an ingenious strategem, in 1808, he carried that mon- 
arch and his son to France, and proclaimed his brother 
Joseph, king of Spain. A general insurrection imme- 
diately broke out in all parts of Spain ; aid was im- 
plored from England ; the peasantry formed themselves 
into guerilla parties, annoying and surprising the 
French at every opportunity, cutting off their supplies, 
shooting their stragglers, and skirmishing with their 
outposts; excepting where the army was actually pres- 
ent, the power of Napoleon was set at naught; and, to 
crown all, an army of ten thousand men was sent out, 
commanded by Sir Arthur Wellesley, better known at 
the present time by the title of Duke of Wellington. 
Thus commenced the famous Peninsular war, and the 
first engagement is known as the decisive battle of 
Vimiera, August 28, 1808. 

15. The next event of importance was the victory 
ofTalavera, July 27, 1809, in acknowledgment of which 



—138— 

Sir Arthur Wellesley received the title of Viscount 
Wellington. Not so fortunate was the memorable and 
ill-fated expedition of Walcheren, in which nearly fifty 
thousand fine soldiers fell inglorious to the unhealthy 
climate of Zealand, and the disgraceful inefficiency of 
those placed in command. In the following year, 1 8 lo, 
Lord Wellington completely drove the French troops 
from Portugal. At this period, a succession of splen- 
did victories, too numerous to admit of notice in so 
brief a recapitulation as the ^present, everywhere at- 
tended the career of Wellington. 

1 6. England and Russia now coalesced against 
France, A. D. i8ia, and the Emperor resolved upon 
an invasion of Russia, collected an army of six hun- 
dred thousand men, forced his way to Borodino, 
where, after a sanguinary battle of three successive 
days, the Russians were defeated, and pushed on im- 
mediately for Moscow. The Russians, knowing no 
other means by which to deprive the French of win- 
ter quarters and provisions, actually set fire to their 
ancient and beautiful capital, so that, on their arrival, 
the conquerors found nothing but desolation and 
flames. Thus disappointed of resources, they began 
a hasty retreat to France, having to traverse an 
enemy's country amid all the horrors of a northern 
winter, and being utterly destitute of all provision, 
except such as they could find amid the deserted vil- 
lages along their route. During this frightful journey 
they were perpetually harrassed by flying bodies of 
Cossacks, were starved, frozen and left to die by the 
wayside. No less than three hundred thousand 
splendid soldiers thus perished miserably. Seeing 






—139— 

the Emperor's present weakness, all the European 
powers now combined to crush their common enemy. 
One by one his conquests were wrested from him and, 
and on May 31, 1814, the allied armies entered Paris. 
On the 6th of April following, Napoleon signed his 
abdication at Fontainebleau, and I^ouis XVIII was 
recalled to the throne of his ancestors. 

17. Some unfortunate disputes between the gov- 
ernment of Great Britain and the United States led 
to a declaration of war by the United States June 19, 
181 2. The Americans unsuccessfully invaded Canada, 
but at sea their frigates obtained many signal triumphs 
over British vessels. The war, however, was of 
short duration, and peace was concluded between the 
two nations in 1815. The same year, while the 
ambassadors were assembled at Vienna to adjust the 
claims of Europe, the world was sjtruck with surprise, 
terror and admiration by the report that Napoleon 
had escaped from his exile at Elba, and, having 
landed in France, was once again at the head of his 
beloved army. Again he ascended the imperial 
throne; again the allied sovereigns assembled their 
forces; and again they met, for the last time, upon 
the field of Waterloo, in Brussels, in Belgium. Here, 
on the 1 8th of June, was fought the ever-memorable 
battle of Waterloo, in which the French army was 
irrevocably routed, and fled from the field in the ut- 
most confusion. All was over with Napoleon. He 
surrendered himself to the mercy of England; but 
instead of being received as a fallen hero, he was sent 
a prisoner to the far and lonely island of St. Helena, 
where, after lingering through a few melancholy 



—140— 

years, he died on the 5th of May. 1821. The ex- 
penses of England during the prosecution of this 
war are said to have exceeded seventy millions. 

18. The year 1820 proved fatal to the Duke of 
Kent, father to Queen Victoria; and in less than a 
week after the death of this prince, England lost, in 
George III, one of her most respected sovereigns. 
This venerable monarch expired on the 29th of Janu- 
ary, 1820, in the eighty-second year of his age, and 
the sixtieth of his reign, which is the longest and 
most remarkable in the annals of English history. 



SOVEREIGNS AND RULERS OF ROME B. C. 

735 Romulus. 
716 Interregnum. 
715 Numa Pompilius. 
672 Tullus Hostillus. 
640 Ancus Martins. 
616 Tarquinius Priscus. 
578 Servius Tullius. 
534 Tarquinius Superbus. 

REPUBLIC. 

510 Expulsion of Tarquin, and Republic. 
82 Sylla, Dictator. 
48 Cains Julius Caesar, Dictator. 
31 Octavianus Caesar. 

KMPKRORS. 

27 Octavianus Caesar, as Augustus Imperator. 



-141- 



II. AFTKR CHRIST. 



14 Tiberius (Claudius Nero). 
37 Caius Caligola. 
41 Claudius I. 
54 Claudius Nero. 

68 Servius Sulpicius Gaba. 

69 M. Salvius Otho (stabbed himself). 
69 Aulus Vitellius; deposed by 

Titus Flavius Vespasian. 
79 Titus, son of Vespasian. 
81 Titus Flavius Dometian, last of the Caesars. 
96 Cocceius Nerva. 
98 Trajan. 
117 Adrian. 
138 Antonius Titus. 
161 Marcus Aurelius. 
180 Commodus. 

193 Publius Helvius Pertenax (assassinated by the 
Praetorian bands.) 

Didianus Julianus, at Rome; Pescennius Niger, 
in Syria; Lucius Septermius, in Pannonia; Clau- 
dius Albinus, in Britain. 
211 Marcus Aurelius Caracalla and Septimus Geta. 

217 Marcus Opilus Macrinus. 

218 Heliogabalus. 

222 Alexander Severus. 

235 Caius Julius Verus Maximus. 

237 Antonius Gordianus and son. 

238 Balbinus and Pupienus. 
Gordian. 

244 Phillip and Arabian. 



—142— 

249 Metinus Decius. 
251 Gallus Hostiliiis. 
253 ^milianus. 

Valerianus and Gallienus. 
260 Gallienus alone. 
268 Claudius II. 
270 Quintillus. 

Aurelian. 

275 Interregnum of about three montlis. 
Tacitus. 

276 Florian. 

M. Aurelius Probus. 

282 M. Aurelius Carus. 

283 Carinus and Numerianus. 

284 Diolectian. 

286 Maximianus Hercules. 

305 Constantius Chlorus and Galarius Maximianus. 

306 Constantine (afterwards the Great). 
Maxentius. 

Maximianus Herculus. 
Flavins Valerius Severus. 

307 Flavins Valerianus I^icinius. 
323 Constantine alone. 

337 Constantine II, Constans and Constantius II, 

sons of Constantine the Great. 
361 Julian. 

363 Jovian. 

364 Valentinian and Valens. 

375 Valens, with Gratian and Valentinian II. 
379 Theodosius I. 
Empire divided into Eastern and Western. ^ It was 
divided by two brothers, Valentinian taking the 



— 143— 

western and his brother, Valens, the eastern portion. 
The following gives the succession of the divided 
empires : 

I. WESTERN EMPIRE. 

364 Valentinian. 

367 Gratian; son made a colleague of his father, 

who died in 375. 
375 Valentinian II, associated with Gratian. 
392 Kugenius, usurper, defeated by Theodosius the 

Great. 
395 Honorius, son of Theodosius. 
423 Usurpation of John, the Notary. 
425 Valentinian III. 
455 Maximus. 

Marcus Maecilius Avitus. 
457 Julius Velerius Majorianus. 
461 Libius Severus. 
465 Interregnum. 
467 Anthemius. 

472 Flavius-Anicius Olybrius. 

473 Glycerins. 

474 Julius Nepos. 

475 Romulus, the Little Augustus. 

476 Odoacer, king of the Heruli, who assumes the 
title. King of Italy. 

II. EASTERN EMPIRE. 

364 Valens. 

379 Theodosius I, the Great. 

395 Arcadius. 

408 Theodosius II. 



-14:4:- 



450 Marcian. 

457 Leo I, the Thracian. 

474 Leo the younger. 

Zeno, the Isaurian. 
491 Anastasius I. 
518 Justin L 
527 Justinian. 
565 Justin II. 
578 Tiberus. 

582 Maurice, the Cappadocian (murdered). 
602 Phocus, the usurper (assassinated). 
610 Heraclius. 
641 Heracleonas-Constantine (poisoned). 

Constans II (assassinated). 
668 Constantine III. 
685 Justinian II, dethroned in 
695 Leontius. 
698 Tiberius III. 

705 Justinian II (restored; slain in) 
711 Phillippicus-Bardanes (assassinated). 
713 Anastasius 11. 
716 Theodosius III. 
718 Leo III, the Isaurean. 
741 Constantine IV. 
780 Constantine V and Irene. 
790 Constantine V alone. 
792 Irene again with Constantine. 
797 Irene alone (deposed and exiled). 
802 Nicephorus I (killed). 
811 Staurachius for a few days. 

Michael I (abdicated). 
813 Leo V, the Armenian (killed). 



—145— 

820 Micheal II, the Stammerer. 

829 ^Theophilus. 

842 Michael III, the Sot (murdered). 

867 Basilius I, Macedonian. 

886 Leo VI, the Philosopher. 

911 Alexander and Constantine VI. 

912 Constantine VI, with his mother, Zoe, as re- 
gent. 

919 Romanns Lacapenus, usurper, associates with 
him his sons. 

920 Christopher, and in 

928 Stephen and Constantine VII. 

945 Constantine VII alone. 

959 Romanus II. 

963 Nicephorus II. 

969 John I, Zemisces, the celebrated general, with 
Basilius II and Constantine VIII. 

976 Basilius II and Constantine VIII. 
1028 Romanius III. 
1034 Michael IV, the Paphlagonian. 

1041 Michael V. 

1042 Constantine IX and Zoe. 

1054 Theodora, widow of Constantine. 

1056 Michael VI (deposed). 

1057 Isaac I, Comneus. 
1059 Constantine X. 

1067 Budocia, widow of Constantine, and Romanus 

IV. 
1071 Michael VII and Constantine XI. 
1078 Nicephorus III, dethroned by 
1081 Alexis I, Comneus. 
1 1 18 John Comneus. 



—146— 

1 143 Manuel I. ^ 

1180 Alexis 11. 

1 183 Andronicus I (put to death). 

1 185 Isaac II deposed by 

1 195 Alexis III deposed by 

1203 Isaac II again and Alexis IV. 

LATIN KMPKRORS. 

1204 Baldwin I, Earl of Flanders. 
1206 Henry I. 

1 2 16 Peter de Courtenay. 
1221 Robert de Courtenay. 
1228 Baldwin II. 

GREEK EMPERORS AGAIN. 

1261 Michael VII. 

1282 Andronicus II. 

1328 Andronicus the Younger. 

1332 Andronicus III. 

1 34 1 John Palaeogus. 

1347 John Cantacuzenus (abdicates). 

1355 John Palaeologus (restored). 

1 39 1 Manuel Palaeogus. 

1425 John Palaeogus II. 

1448 Constantine Palaeogus. 

1453 Constantinople taken by the Turks. 



SOVEREIGNS OF FRANCE. 

MEROVINGIANS. 

481 Clovis. 

742 Childeric III (last of the race). 



—147— 

CARI.OVINGIANS. 

752 Pepin, the Short (son of Charles Martel). 

768 Charlemagne. 

814 Louis I, le D'bonnaire. 

840 Charles the Bald. 

^"jj Louis II, the Stammerer. 

879 Louis III. 

884 Charles III, le Gros. 

887 Hugh, Count of Paris. 

898 Charles the Simple. 

922 Robert. 

923 Rudolph. 
936 Louis IV. 
954 Lothaire. 

986 Louis V. 

CAPETS. 

987 Hugh Capet. 

996 Robert II, the Sage. 
1031 Henry I. 
1060 Phillip, the Fair. 
1 1 08 Louis VI. 
1 137 Louis VII. 
1 180 Phillip 11. 
1223 Louis VIII. 
1226 Louis IX (St. Louis). 
1270 Phillip III. 
1285 Phillip IV. 
1314 Louis X. 
1316 Phillip V. 
1322 Charles IV. 



-148— 



HOUSK OF VALOISK. 



1328 Phillip VI. 
1350 John II. 
1364 Charles V. 
1380 Charles VI. 
1422 Charles VII. 
1461 Louis XL 
1483 Charles VIII. 
1498 Louis XII. 
1515 Francis I. 
1547 Henry II. 

1559 Francis II. 

1560 Charles IX. 
1574 Henry III. 



1589 
1610 

1643 
1715 

1774 

1793 



Henry IV. 
Louis XIII. 
Louis XIV. 
Louis XV. 
Louis XVI. 
Louis XVII. 



BOURBONS. 



RKPUBLIC. 



1792 National Convention. 
1795 Directory. 



CONSULATE. 



1799 Bonaparte, Cambaceres and Lebrun. 
1802 Bonaparte for ten years. 
Bonaparte for life. 



—149— 

KMPIRK. 
1804 Napoleon I. 

RESTORATION OF BOURBONS. 

1814 Ivouis XVIII. 
1824 Charles X. 

HOUSE OF ORI.KANS. 
1830 Ivouis Phillippe. 

SECOND REPUBIvIC. 

1848 Provisional government, February 22. 

Louis Napoleon elected President December 19. 

SECOND EMPIRE. 

1852 Napoleon III. 

THIRD REPUBUC. 

1870 Committee of Public Defense. 

187 1 Thiers, President, August 31. 
1873 McMahon, President, May 24. 
1879 F. P. Jules Grevy. 



SOVEREIGNS OF SPAIN. 

1512 Ferdinand V became king of all Spain through 

the conquest of Grenada and Navarre I. 
1 5 16 Charles. 
1556 Phillip II. 
1598 Phillip III. 
1621 Phillip IV. 
1665 Charles II. 
1700 Phillip V| (resigned). 
1724 lyouis I (a fe\V months only). 



—150— 

1724 Phillip V again. 
1746 Ferdinand VI. 
1759 Charles III. 
1788 Charles IV. 
1808 Ferdinand VII. 

Joseph Bonaparte. 
1 8 14 Ferdinand VII restored. 
1833 Isabella II. 

1868 Provisional government. 

1869 Marshal Serrano, Regent. 

1870 Amadeo. 

1873 Execntive of the Cortes. 

1874 Seranno, President. 

1875 Alfonso XII. 

1885 Marie Mercedes, Queen. 



4 



SOVEREIGNS OF PORTUGAL. 

1093 Henry, Count or Earl of Portugal. 

1 1 12 Alfonso (son) and Theresa. 

1 128 Alfonso alone, as Count of Portugal. 

1 1 39 Alfonso crowned king, as Alfonso I. 

1 185 Sancho I (son of Alfonso). 

1 2 12 Alfonso II. 

1223 Sancho II. 

1248 Alfonso III. 

1279 Denis, or Dionysius, styled the Father of his 

Country. 
1325 Alfonso IV, the Brave. 
1357 Peter the Severe. 
1367 Ferdinand I. 
1383 John I, the Bastard and the Great. 



—151— 

1433 Hdward, or Duarte. 

1438 Alfonso V, the African. 

148 1 John II, the Great and the Perfect. 

1495 Emanuel the Fortunate. 

1521 John III. 

1557 Sebastian. 

1578 Henry the Cardinal. 

1580 Anthony (deposed by Phillip II, of Spain, who 
united Portugal to his own dominions. ) 

1640 John IV, Duke of Braganza, who dispossessed 
the Spaniards, and was proclaimed king. 

1506 Alfonso VI. 

1667 Alfonso deposed and Peter made Regent. 

1683 Peter II. 

1706 John V. 

1750 Joseph Emanuel, 

1777 Maria Frances Isabella and Peter III. 

1786 Maria alone. 

1792 John, son of Maria, declared Regent. 

1807 French invasion, and John returned to his Bra- 
zilian dominions. 

1816 John declared King, with the title of John VI,. 
returning to Portugal in 182 1. 

1826 Peter IV (Dom Pedro) abdicated to become Em- 
peror of Brazil. 

1826 Maria II (seven years of age). 

1828 Dom Miguel usurps the crown. 

1833 Maria II (restored). 

1853 Peter V (Dom Pedro). 

1861 lyouis I. 



—152— 



FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON'S 
BATTLES 



( 



Battles. 



Victor. 



Vanquished 



Date. 



Valmy 

Jemappes 

Combray 

Turcoing 

Charleioi 

Montenotte _. 

I,odi 

Areola 

Tagliamento . 

Nile* 

Pyramids 

Jaffa 



Trebia 

Aboukir 

Novi 

Zurich 

Engen 

Marengo 

Hotchstadt 

Hohenlinden__ 

Ulm 

Trafalgar * 

Austerlitz 

Jena 

Eylau 

Wagram 

Smolensko 

Borodino 

Moscow 

Polotzk 

Witepsk 

Krasnoi 

Beresina 

Lutzen 

Katzback 

Dresden 

Dennewitz 

I^eipzic 

Hanau 

St. Dizier 

Brienne 

Iva Bothiere 

Par-Sur-Aube _ 

Chap Aubert 

Fontainebleau 

Montereau 

Barriers 

Waterloo) 



French 

French 

Allies 

Moreau 

French 

Napoleon 

Napoleon 

Napoleon 

Napoleon 

Nelson 

Napoleon 

French 

Suwarrow 

Swarrow 

Napoleon 

Suwarrow 

Massena 

Moreau 

Napoleon 

Moreau 

Moreau 

Ney 

Nelson (killed) 

Napoleon 

French 

( Indecisive ) 

French 

French 

French 

(Burned) 

Russians 

Russians 

Russians 

Russians 

Napoleon 

Bluchef 

Napoleon 



Allies 

Napoleon ■ 

Allies 

Allies 

Napoleon 

Allies 

Napoleon 

Napoleon ~ _. 

Napoleon 

AUiesenter, Paris. 
Wellington 



Austrians 

Austrians __ 

French 

Allies 

Allies 

Austrians _^ 
Austrians __ 
Austrians __ 
Austrians __ 

French 

Mamelukes 
Stormed by. 

Moreau 

Moroau 

Turks 

Moreau 

Russians 

Austrians __ 
Austrians ._ 
Austrians __ 
Austrians — 
Surrenders . 

French 

Austrians — 
Russians 



Austrians 
Russians _ 
Russians _ 



Retake 

French 

French 

French 

Checks allies. 

Ney 

Checks allies. 

Ney 

Napoleon 

Bavarians 

Napoleon 

Napoleon 

Allies 

Napoleon 

Allies 

Allies 

Allies 

French 

Napoleon 



September 20, 1792. 
November 6, 1792. 
April 24, 1794. 
May 18-22, 1794. 
June 26, 1794. 
April 12, 1796. 
May 10, 1796. 
November 15-17, 1796. 
March 16, 1797. 
August I, 1798. 
July 21, 1798. 
March 7, 1799. 
April 27, 1799. 
June, 18-19, I799- 
July 25, 1799. 
August 15, 1799. 
September 25, 1799. 
May 3, 1800. 
June 14, 1800. 
June 19, 1800. 
December 3, 1800. 
October ] 7-20, 1805. 
October 21, 1805. 
December 2, 1805. 
October 14, 1806. 
February 7-8, 1807. 
July5, 6, 1809. 
August 17-19, 1812. 
September 7, 1812. 
September 14, 1812. 
October 20, 1812. 
November 14, 1812. 
November 16-18, 1812. 
November 25-29, 1812. 
May 2, 1813. 
August 26, 1813. 
August 25-27, 1813. 
September 6, 1813 
October 16-18, 1813, 
October 30, 1813. 
January 27, 1814. 
January 29, 1814, 
February i, 1814. 
February 7, 1814 
February 10-12, 1814. 
February 17, 1814. 
February 18, 1814. 
March 31, 1814. 
June 18, 1815. 



The Battles marked * were naval. 



153— 



A FULL LIST OF THE POPES OF ROME, 
FROM ST. PETER DOWN. 



St. Peter 42 

St. lyinus 66 

St. Anacletus 78 

St. Clement I — -^ 91 

St. Evaristus 100 

St. Aleanderl---^- 108 

St. Sextus I 119 

St. Telesphorus -_-. 127 

St. Hyginus 139 

St. Pius I 142 

St. Anicetus _-^ 157 

St. Soterus -- 168 

St. Blentherius 177 

St. Victor I 193 

St. Zephirinus 202 

St. Calixtus I 217 

St. Urban I 223 

St. Ponteanus 230 

St, Anterus 235 

St. Fabiun 236 

St. Cornelius 250 

St. Stephen I 253 

St. Sixtus II 257 

St. Dionysius 259 

St. Felix I 269 

St. Eutychianius _- 275 

St. Caius 288 

St. Marcellinus 296 

(See vacant 3 yrs, 6 mos. ) 



St. Marcellus I 308 

St. Ensebius 310 

St. Melchiades 311 

St. Sylvester I 314 

St. Marcus ^ 336 

St. Julius I ___._-_ 2>2>7 

Liberius 352 

St. Felex II 355 

St. Damasus I 366 

St. Siricius 384 

St. Anastasius I 398 

St. Innocent I 402 

St. Zosimus 417 

St. Boniface I 418 

St. Celestinel 422 

St. Sixtus III 432 

St. I^eo I The Great 440 

St. Hilary 461 

St Simplicus 468 

St. Felex III 483 

St. Gelasius I 492 

St. Anastasius II _ - 496 

St. Symmachus 498 

St. Hormisdas 514 

St. John I 523 

St. Felex IV 526 

Boniface II 530 

John II 533 

St Agapetus I 535 



154— 



St. Sylverius 536 

Vigilius 537 

Pelagius I 555 

John III 560 

Benedict (I) Bonosus 574 

Pelagius II 578 

St. Gregory I The 

Great 590 

Sabinianus 604 

Boniface III 607 

St. Boniface I V . _ - 608 

St. Deusdedit 615 

Boniface V 619 

Honoris I 625 

(See vacant i yr, 7 mos. ) 

Severinus 640 

John IV 640 

Theodorus I 642 

St. Marten I 649 

St. Engenius I 654 

St. Vitaleanus 657 

Adeodatus 672 

Donus or Domnus I 676 

St. Agathon 678 

St. Leo II 682 

St. Benedict II 684 

John V 685 

Canon 686 

St. Sergius I 687 

John VI 701 

John VII -- 705 



Sisinnius 708 

Constantine 708 

St. Gregory II 715 

St. Gregory III 731 

St. Zachary 741 

Stephen II (died be- 
fore consecration) 752 

Stephen III 752 

St. Paul I 757 

Stephen IV 768 

Adrian I 772 

St. Leo III 795 

Stephen V 816 

St. Paschal I 817 

Bugenius II 824 

Valentinus 827 

Gregory IV 827 

Sergius II 844 

St. Leo IV 847 

Benedict III 855 

St. Nicholas I 858 

Adrian II 867 

John VIII 872 

Marinus I 882 

Adrian III 884 

Stephen VI 885 

Formosus 8gi 

Stephen VII 896 

Romanus 897 

Theodorus 898 

John IX 898 



I 



-155 



Benedict IV 900 

Leo V -- 903 

Christopher 903 

Sergius III 904 

Anastasius III 911 

Lando 913 

John X 914 

Leo VI 928 

Stephen VIII 929 

John XI 931 

Leo VII 936 

Stephen IX 939 

Marinus II 943 

Agapetus II 946 

John XII 956 

Benedict V 964 

John XIII 965 

Benedict VI 972 

Donus or Domnus 

II___ 974 

Benedict VII 975 

John XIV 983 

Gregory V 996 

Sylvester II 999 

John XVII 1003 

John XVIII 1003 

Sergius IV 1009 

Benedict VIII 1012 

John XIX 1024 

Benedict IX (de- 
posed) 1033 



Gregory VI 1045 

Clement II 1046 

Damasus II 1048 

St. Leo IX 1049 

Victor II 1055 

Stephen X 1057 

Benedict X 1058 

Nicholas II 1058 

Alexander II 106 r 

Gregory VII 1073 

Victor III 1086 

Urban II 1088 

Paschal II 1^99 

Gelasius II 1118 

Calixtus II 1119 

Honorius II 1124 

Innocent II 1130 

Celestine II 1143 

Lucius II 1144 

Eugenius III 1145 

Anastasius IV 1153 

Adrian IV (English) 1154 

Alexander III 1159 

Lucius II 1181 

Urban III 1185 

Gregory VIII 1187 

Clement III 1187 

Celestine III 1191 

Innocent III 1198 

Honorius III 1216 

Gregory IV 1227 



—156— 



Celestine IV 1241 

(See vacant i yr, 7 mos.) 

Innocent IV 1243 

Alexander IV 1254 

Urban IV 1261 

Clement IV 1265 

(See vacant 2 yrs, 9 mos.) 

Gregory X 1271 

Innocent V 1276 

Adrian V 1276 

John XXI 1276 

Nicholas III 1277 

Martin IV 1281 

Honorius IV 1285 

Nicholas IV 1288 

(See vacant 2 yrs, 3 mos.) 

St. Celestine V 1294 

Boniface VIII 1294 

Benedict XI 1303 

Clement V (seat of papacy 

moved to Avignon) 1305 

(See vacant 2 yrs, 3 mos. ) 

John XXII 1316 

Benedict XII 1334 

Clement VI 1342 

Innocent IV 1352 

Urban VI 1362 

Gregory XI (throne res- 
tored to Rome)-- 1370 

Boniface IX 1389 

Innocent VII 1404 



Gregory XII 1406 I 

Alexander V 1409 

John XXIII 1410 

Martin V 1417 

Eugenius IV 143 1 

Nicholas V 1447 

Calextus III 1455 

Pius II 1458 

Paul II 1464 

Sixtus IV 1471 

Innocent VIII 1484 

Alexander VI 1492 

Pius III 1503 

Julius II 1503 

Leo X 1513 

Adrian VI 1522 

Clement VIII 1523 

Paul III 1534 

Julius III 1550 

Marcellius II 1555 

Paul IV 1555 

Pius IV 1559 

St. Pius V 1566 

Gregory XIII 1572 

Sixtus V 1585 

Urban VII 1590 

Gregory XIV 1590 

Innocent IX 1591 

Clement VII 1592 

Leo XI -- 1605 

Paul V -- 1605 



—157 



Gregory XV 162 1 

Urban VIII 1623 

Innocent X 1644 

Alexander VII - 1655 

Clement IX 1667 

Clement X 1670 

Innocent XI 1676 

Alexender VII 1689 

Innocent XII 1691 

Clement XI 1700 

Innocent XIII 1721 



Benedict XIII 1724 

Clement XII '^7?P 

Benedict XIV 1740 

Clement XIII 1758 

Clement XIV 1769 

Pius VI 1775 

Pius VII 1800 

Leo XII 1823 

Pius VIII 1829 

Gregory XVI 1831 

Pius IX 1846 



Whole number of Popes, 257. 

Whole number venerated as Saints, 82. 



INDEX. 



Administration, and Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 32 

American Wars 60 

A Few Facts 61 

A Full Ivist of the Popes of Rome 153 

Articles Free of Duty -_. 62 

Alien and Sedition T^aws 66 

Analysis of the vote for President in 1884 73 

Administrations of the United States 112 

Ancient Battles Before Christ _-^ 127 

Colonial Period 8 

CivilWar - 28 

Colored Troops in the United States Army during the War 112 

Discoveries 5 

Depression of Lakes 59 

Elevation of Cities 58 

Elevation of Lakes 59 

Election and Meeting of Legislatures 64 

England Before the Conquest 113 

England Under the Romans 114 

England Under the Saxons 1 16-123 

England Under the Anglo-Saxons no 

England Under the Danes 122 

English, Irish and Scotch Battles 128 

Fictitious Names of States 35 

Fictitious Names of Cities 37 

Foreign Nations and their Rulers 76 

French Revolution and Napolien's Battles 152 

Governors' Salaries and Terms of Office 70 

Geographical Discoveries . 87 

Historical Events 3 

Heights of Waterfalls 61 

Heights of Monuments and Towers in Different Parts of the 

World 68 

Important Dates and References 5 

Indian Wars and Other Events 23 

Important Historical Facts 77 

Largest Cities in the World 54 

Miscellaneous Events -_- 18 



II 



INDE] 



Mexican War 67 

Men Called by the President During the Late War.. 67 

Mason and Dixon's Line 71 

Notable Bridges of the Worid 74 

Navy Yards of the United States 112 

Organization of the United States and the Adoption of the 

Constitution ^ 15 

Population of Every State and Territory 33 

Population and Electoral Vote for Presidents 81 

Principal Battles of the Revolution 83 

Principal Battles of the War with Mexico > .. 84 

Principal Battles of the Second War with England 85 

Principal Naval Battles of the Second war With England 87 

Qualifications for Voting in Each State of the Union 78 

Revolutionary Period 11 

Sovereigns of England 3-124 

Sovereigns and Rulers of Rome.. 140 

Sovereigns of France 146 

Sovereigns of Spain 149 

Sovereigns of Portugal 150 

Second War with England 20 

Salaries of United States Officials Per Annum 80 

Size of Lakes and Oceans 56 

Territory Added to the United States 17 

The Longest and Largest Rivers in the World 38 

The Highest and Largest Mountains in the World 40 

The Battles and Events of the Federal and Confederate Armies 

of the Civil War Compared 41 

The Thirteen Original States 60 

The Greatest Battles in History 65 

The Great Wonders of America 99 

The Steamer Great Eastern 69 

The Reign of George III ' 131 

Wars of the United States 85 

What Royalty Costs 72 

What the White House Costs 72 

War With Algiers, etc 22 



